Cited by 1,142Protist diversity and phylogenyMitochondrial Function and PathologyAutophagy in Disease and Therapy

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The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria

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Roger, Andrew J., Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A., Kamikawa, Ryoma·2017·Current Biology

DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.015

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Abstract

Mitochondria are best known for their role in the generation of ATP by aerobic respiration. Yet, research in the past half century has shown that they perform a much larger suite of functions and that these functions can vary substantially among diverse eukaryotic lineages. Despite this diversity, all mitochondria derive from a common ancestral organelle that originated from the integration of an endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium into a host cell related to Asgard Archaea. The transition from endosymbiotic bacterium to permanent organelle entailed a massive number of evolutionary changes including the origins of hundreds of new genes and a protein import system, insertion of membrane transporters, integration of metabolism and reproduction, genome reduction, endosymbiotic gene transfer, lateral gene transfer and the retargeting of proteins. These changes occurred incrementally as the endosymbiont and the host became integrated. Although many insights into this transition have been gained, controversy persists regarding the nature of the original endosymbiont, its initial interactions with the host and the timing of its integration relative to the origin of other features of eukaryote cells. Since the establishment of the organelle, proteins have been gained, lost, transferred and retargeted as mitochondria have specialized into the spectrum of functional types seen across the eukaryotic tree of life.

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“Genomes of mitochondria (mtDNA) are distinct from nuclear genomes and structurally similar to prokaryotic DNA, which is explained by the bacterial origin of mitochondria (reviewed in [ 1 ]).”
Estimating physical conditions supporting gradients of ATP concentration in the eukaryotic cell
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Cellular Titanomachy: Viral Forces Clash with Mitochondrial Power
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Autoimmune skin disease pathogenesis: a chronological immune cascade and multi-hit model
Chen, J., Yin, H., Li, S., & Li, C. (2026) · Immunity & Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s44466-025-00017-x · Cited by 5
“Additionally, as an organelle derived from the integration of endosymbiotic bacterium into the host cell, mitochondria are highly immunogenic and MHC-I molecules have a preference for presenting mitochondrial peptides [14– 16].”
Common Principles Underlie Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy Dynamics in the Germline and Soma
Ryall, C., Chinnery, P. F., & van den Ameele, J. (2026) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-120324-032239 · Cited by 5
Neutrophil- Leishmania infantum Interaction Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, DAMPs, and Inflammatory Molecule Release
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Report on the complete organelle genomes of Orobanche Filicicola Nakai ex Hyun, Y. S. Lim & H. C. Shin (Orobanchaceae): insights from comparison with Orobanchaceae plant genomes
Kim, S.-C., Kang, E. S., Kim, T.-H., Choi, Y.-R., & Kim, H.-J. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11298-2 · Cited by 5
Impact of POU3F4 mutation on cochlear development and auditory function
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“Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP synthesis, and energy metabolism disorders are often associated with impaired oxidative phosphorylation due to defects in the assembly and activity of OXPHOS complexes I, III, IV, and V [33, 34].”
Proteomic Analysis of the Mitochondrial Responses in P19 Embryonic Stem Cells Exposed to Florfenicol
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Spontaneous Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA Increase Cell-to-Cell Variation in mtDNA Amount
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“One of the organelles that have formed during this cooperation is the mitochondria, which is primarily responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, however it also participates in several other intracellular processes [2].”
Background
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“According to the endosym-biosis theory, mitochondria have their origins in an endosymbiotic α -proteobacterium residing within a host cell derived from archaea, eventually evolving into organelles of eukaryotic cells [23].”
Background
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“A typical insect mitochondrial genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecules, consisting of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transport RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs)), and one control region (Roger et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2015).”
Background
A protocol for detecting the cytoplasm-exposed mitochondrial DNA
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Unveiling the intricate structural variability induced by repeat-mediated recombination in the complete mitochondrial genome of Cuscuta gronovii Willd
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Organellar quality control crosstalk in aging‐related disease: Innovation to pave the way
Li, Y., Qi, J., Guo, L., Jiang, X. L., & He, G. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14447 · Cited by 4
Flow-cytometry reveals mitochondrial DNA accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells during cell cycle arrest
Potapenko, E. Y., Kashko, N. D., & Кнорре, Д. А. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1497652 · Cited by 4
Inhibition of mitochondrial energy production leads to reorganization of the plant endomembrane system
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Alteration of mitochondrial function in arthropods during arboviruses infection: a review of the literature
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Equus mitochondrial pangenome reveals independent domestication imprints in donkeys and horses
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The Distribution of Genes Associated With Regulated Cell Death Is Decoupled From the Mitochondrial Phenotypes Within Unicellular Eukaryotic Hosts
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“Former studies, conducted in protists with MRO before the sequencing of Monocercomonoides exilis, started to question the connection between apoptosis-like RCD and the presence of a mitochondrion (Chose et al., 2003; Sarde and Roseto, 2008; Taylor-Brown and Hurd, 2013).”
Result
Cyanophora paradoxa mitochondrial tRNAs play a double game
Salinas‐Giegé, T., Ubrig, É., & Maréchal‐Drouard, L. (2021) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.15222 · Cited by 4
“It is generally admitted that all mitochondria originated from a single -proteobacterium engulfed in a proto-eukaryotic cell and evolved as a subcellular organelle (Roger et al., 2017).”
Background
Supergroups of eukaryotes through a biotechnologist’s look. The system of eukaryotes and the need for a taxonomic/biotechnological interface
Zmitrovich, I. V., Perelygin, V. V., & Владимирович, Ж. М. (2022) · Pharmacy Formulas · doi:10.17816/phf101311 · Cited by 4
The many genomes of Parkinson's disease
Payami, H. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.07.007 · Cited by 5
Acid digestion and symbiont: Proton sharing at the origin of mitochondriogenesis?
Mencía, M. (2022) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202200136 · Cited by 4
“The phagocytosis first models, in general, are less specific on the metabolic exchange that would prompt the initial symbiosis to occur, rather they focus on the cellular features key for eukaryogenesis.[8,24] However, in this respect, even the energetic feasibility of an initial amitochondriate phagocytic lifestyle h…”
Background
A mitochondrion-free eukaryote contains proteins capable of import into an exogenous mitochondrion-related organelle
Fang, Y.-K., Vaitová, Z., & Hampl, V. (2023) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.220238 · Cited by 4
“Notable adaptations are represented by themitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) present in eukaryotes living in low-oxygen environments [8,9].”
Background
Multi-phase separation in mitochondrial nucleoids and eukaryotic nuclei
Long, Q., Zhou, Y., Guo, J., Wu, H., & Liu, X. (2023) · Biophysics Reports · doi:10.52601/bpr.2023.220018 · Cited by 6
“Mitochondria are thought to be derived from ancient bacteria (Roger et al. 2017), which possess a simple circle DNA, compacted by TFAM proteins into a nucleoid structure, similar to the nucleoid in bacteria (Kukat et al. 2015).”
Background
Mitochondrial genome sequence of the protist Ancyromonas sigmoides Kent, 1881 (Ancyromonadida) from the Sugluk Inlet, Hudson Strait, Nunavik, Québec
Gastineau, R., Harðardóttir, S., Guilmette, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1275665 · Cited by 4
“As mitochondria are a defining feature of eukaryotic cells, knowledge of their phylogeny and genetic architecture is evolutionarily informative and provides basic information on ecology in submarginal habitats (Roger et al., 2017).”
Background

Authors: Roger, A. J., Muñoz-Gómez, S. A., & Kamikawa, R.
Affiliations: Dalhousie University (CA)
Kyoto University (JP)
Corresponding author: Roger, Andrew J.
ORCID: Roger, Andrew J.
Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A.
Kamikawa, Ryoma
Venue: Current Biology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-11
Volume: 27
Issue: 21
Pages: R1177-R1192
ISSN: 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.015
OpenAlex: W2767078779
Semantic Scholar: 7bb03e08dc50f88f426d6ec3ad173e496c036fb5
Cited by: 1,142
References: 130
Citations by year: 2026: 124 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 172 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 5.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 370 d)
Locations: Current Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H05606, 15K14591)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Keywords: mitochondrial origin, endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, Alphaproteobacteria, Asgard archaea, endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, membrane transporters, eukaryotic evolution, aerobic respiration
MeSH terms: Adenosine Triphosphate, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Mitochondria, Symbiosis, Alphaproteobacteria, Protein Transport, Membrane Transport Proteins, Genome, Mitochondrial

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The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria

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