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He, Q., Yang, M. G., Huang, J. L., Wu, W., Tang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Ou, W., Xie, M., Liang, Y., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.06.041 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Cocaine abuse and midbrain circuits: Functional anatomy of hypocretin/orexin transmission and therapeutic prospect

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Claustrum modulates behavioral sensitivity and EEG activity of propofol anesthesia

Luo, T., Li, L., Li, J., Cai, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, S., & Yu, T. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Corticotropin-releasing factor neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus modulate isoflurane anaesthesia and its responses to acute stress in mice

Xu, Z., Hu, S.-W., Zhou, Y., Guo, Q., Wang, D., Gao, Y.-H., Zhao, W.-N., Tang, H.-M., Yang, J., Yu, X., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.12.020 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

A clock-dependent brake for rhythmic arousal in the dorsomedial hypothalamus

Liu, Q., Bell, B. J., Kim, D. W., Lee, S., Keleş, M. F., Liu, Q., Blum, I. D., Wang, A. A., Blank, E. J., Xiong, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41877-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Activation of anterior thalamic reticular nucleus GABAergic neurons promotes arousal from propofol anesthesia in mice

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Paradoxical anesthesia: Sleep-like EEG during anesthesia induced by mesopontine microinjection of GABAergic agents

Avigdor, T., Minert, A., Baron, M. S., & Devor, M. G. (2021) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113760 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Sleep deprivation triggers somatostatin neurons in prefrontal cortex to initiate nesting and sleep via the preoptic and lateral hypothalamusPreprint

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Effect of propofol and ciprofol on the euphoric reaction in patients with painless gastroscopy: A prospective randomized controlled trial

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A Comparison of Brain-State Dynamics across Common Anesthetic Agents in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

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Anesthesia in mice activates discrete populations of neurons throughout the brain

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Entorhinal cortical delta oscillations drive memory consolidation

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Current and Developing Approaches for Facilitating Emergence from General Anesthesia

Vincent, K. F., Pal, D., Xie, Z., Fox, A. P., White, E. R., Kelz, M. B., García, P. S., Calderon, D. P., Plourde, G., Vlisides, P. E., et al. (2025) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005600 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A Role for Thalamic Projection GABAergic Neurons in Circadian Responses to Light

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Regulation of states of consciousness by supramammillary nucleus glutamatergic neurones during sevoflurane anaesthesia in mice

Wu, J., Wang, W., Dai, X.-Y., He, S., Song, F., Gao, S., Zhang, L.-Q., Li, D.-Y., Liu, L., Liu, D.-Q., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.10.023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The role of ventral tegmental area orexinergic afferents in depressive-like behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model

Song, Y., Li, J., Li, H., Cai, M., & Miao, D. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.062 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States

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Activation of Glutamatergic Neurons in the Supramammillary Nucleus Promotes the Recovery of Consciousness under Sevoflurane Anesthesia

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Brain Clocks, Sleep, and Mood

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Systems Neuroscience: The Exciting Journey to Oblivion

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A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice

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Anesthetic loss of consciousness induced by chemogenetic excitation of mesopontine effector neurons.

Baron, M. S., Vaso, K., Avigdor, T., Charit, Y., Minert, A., & Devor, M. G. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114169 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

A hypothalamus‐lateral periaqueductal gray GABAergic neural projection facilitates arousal following sevoflurane anesthesia in mice

Wang, D., Bao, C., Wu, H., Li, J., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Zhou, F., Li, H., & Dong, H. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Role of Supramammillary Nucleus Glutamatergic Neurons in Modulating Consciousness Transitions during Propofol Anesthesia in Mice

Li, J., Wu, Y., Wang, Y.-H., Long, S., Hu, R., Huang, W., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005659 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The regulation of glutamatergic nervous system in sleep-wake states and general anesthesia

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Deficient synaptic neurotransmission results in a persistent sleep-like cortical activity across vigilance states in mice

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Cerebrospinal fluid contacting nucleus and its 5-HT: A new insight into the regulation mechanism of general intravenous anesthesia

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Neurochemistry and Pharmacology of Sleep

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Identification of Brain Regions Activated by Sevoflurane and Propofol and Regional Changes in Gene Expression

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Striatal neurones expressing D1 dopamine receptors modulate consciousness in sevoflurane but not propofol anaesthesia in mice

Zhou, K., Hou, Z.-J., Jiang, X.-L., Xiao, Y.-J., Zhang, L.-C., Xu, W., Xiong, B., Qu, W., Huang, Y., Huang, Z., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.10.049 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

In VivoPhotoadduction of Anesthetic Ligands in Mouse Brain Markedly Extends Sedation and Hypnosis

McKinstry-Wu, A. R., Wasilczuk, A. Z., Dailey, W. P., Eckenhoff, R. G., & Kelz, M. B. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1884-22.2023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Glutamatergic neurons of piriform cortex delay induction of inhalational general anesthesia

Zhou, L., Ran, Q., Yi, R., Tang, H., Zhang, Y., & Yu, T. (2023) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Parafacial GABAergic neurone ablation induces behavioural resistance to volatile anaesthetic-induced hypnosis without reducing sleep

Imamura, T., Wasilczuk, A. Z., Reitz, S. L., Lian, J., Imamura, M., Keenan, B. T., Shimizu, N., Pack, A. I., & Kelz, M. B. (2025) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2025.02.035 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Anesthetized animal experiments for neuroscience research

Nagayama, S., Hasegawa‐Ishii, S., & Kikuta, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2024.1426689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Neurobiological Parallels, Overlaps, and Divergences of Sleep and Anesthesia

Ward-Flanagan, R., & Dickson, C. T. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00015-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

P2X7 Receptor in Microglia Contributes to Propofol-induced Unconsciousness by Regulating Synaptic Plasticity in Mice

Zhang, B., Zhang, P., Li, T., Cao, Y., Chen, T., Chen, C., Zhang, Z., & Zhong, Q. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner

He, Y., Liu, T., He, Q., Ke, W., Li, X., Du, J., Deng, S., Shu, Z., Wu, J. S., Yang, B., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92252.2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Effects of propofol on the electrophysiological properties of glutamatergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of mice

Chen, Y., Yu, T., & Jiang, J. (2024) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-024-02813-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Using Anesthesia to Reveal the Elements of Consciousness

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Comparative Brain-Wide Mapping of Isoflurane and Ketamine-Activated Nuclei and Functional NetworksPreprint

Hu, Y., Qi, J., Zhang, Z., Luo, M., & Wang, Y. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88420.3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Insomnia and Esketamine Add-On Therapy to Antidepressant Therapy in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression—A Pilot Study

Szawarnoga, D., Fojcik, J., Górski, M. K., Pałasz, A., & Krzystanek, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18071066 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Hypothalamic NMDA receptors stabilize NREM sleep and are essential for REM sleepPreprint

Miracca, G., Soto, B. A., Tossell, K., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A. L., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345728 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Deficient synaptic neurotransmission results in a persistent sleep-like cortical activity across vigilance states in micePreprint

Guillaumin, M. C. C., Harding, C. D., Krone, L. B., Yamagata, T., Kahn, M. C., Blanco‐Duque, C., Banks, G. T., Nolan, P. M., Peirson, S. N., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Comparative Whole-Brain Mapping of Isoflurane and Ketamine-Activated Nuclei and Functional NetworksPreprint

Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Qi, J. T., Zhang, Z., & Luo, M. Q. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88420.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

A Common Neuronal Ensemble in the Lateral Habenula Regulates Ciprofol Anesthesia in Mice

Zhou, K., Zhang, L.-C., Zhu, H., Wen, B., Tang, J.-L., Yuan, P., Zhu, A., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17030363 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Propofol Promotes Anesthesia Through the Activation of Centrally-Projecting Edinger–Westphal Nucleus Urocortin 1-Positive Neurons

Huang, J., Hu, Y., Jing, S., Bai, F., Long, Z., Wu, Z., Fang, L., Cao, L., Deng, Y., Bao, X., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01401-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Activation of CaMKII+ neurons in the paramedian raphe nucleus promotes general anesthesia in male mice

Li, X., Ma, Z., Liu, X., Chen, C., Yu, Z., Sang, D., Wang, T. A., Zhang, E. E., Duan, G., Ju, D., et al. (2025) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-025-10037-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Basal Forebrain to Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamatergic Pathway Promotes Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice

Gong, X.-T., Li, Z.-S., Chen, Z.-L., Wu, X., Shangguan, L.-Y., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Yu, C., & Cai, P. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0007-25.2025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Wakefulness regulation of memory encoding and retrieval: structure and activity

Luo, Y., Su, W.-K., Yao, W. F., Jiang, H., McHugh, T. J., & Li, Y. (2025) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf520 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Axonal Projections of Neurons in the Brainstem Mesopontine Tegmental Anesthesia Area (MPTA) That Effect Anesthesia, Enabling Pain-Free Surgery

Miller, J., Minert, A., Koukoui, M., Heller, S., Morein, R., Baron, M., Vaso, K., & Devor, M. G. (2025) · Anesthesia Research · doi:10.3390/anesthres2040026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Immunoreactivity and distribution of Fos in the mouse brain following diverse general anesthetics

Hu, Y., Yang, J., Huang, J., Long, Z., Yu, L., Zhang, M., Wu, Z., Yi, T., & Li, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29425-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

One node among many: sevoflurane-induced hypnosis and the challenge of an integrative network-level view of anaesthetic action

McKinstry-Wu, A. R., & Kelz, M. B. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Myelin modulates the process of isoflurane anesthesia through the regulation of neural activity

Wang, X., Yi, R., Xiaoling, L., Zhang, N., Zhong, F., Lu, Y., Chen, W., Yu, T., Zhang, L., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14922 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Comparative Brain-Wide Mapping of Isoflurane and Ketamine-Activated Nuclei and Functional NetworksPreprint

Hu, Y., Qi, J. T., Zhang, Z., Luo, M. Q., & Wang, Y. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88420.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploration of neuronal ensembles responsible for sleep and body temperature regulation

Ma, Y. (2019) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/80152

Paradoxical excitation of lateral habenula neurons by propofol involves enhanced presynaptic release of glutamatePreprint

Shepard, R. D., Wu, K., & Lü, W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467738

Effects of propofol on mammalian central and peripheral circadian clocksPreprint

Tian, H., Yu, Z., Zhu, X., Chen, Y., Ren, Q., Lv, S., Zhang, E. E., Tian-de, Y., & He, H. (2019) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.2.9258/v1

Perspectives on Propofol Anesthesia Research

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Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesiaPreprint

He, Y., Liu, T., He, Q., Ke, W., Li, X., Du, J., Deng, S., Shu, Z., Wu, J. S., Yang, B., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561235

Vagal afferent activation induces a NREM-sleep-like state with brain-body cooling, but locus coeruleus activationPreprint

Cherrad, N., Foustoukos, G., Fernandez, L. M. J., Osorio-Forero, A., Emmenegger, Y., Franken, P., & Lüthi, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643122

The Somatostatin Pathway Projected from the Basal Forebrain to the Lateral Habenula Promotes Isoflurane Anesthesia Recovery

Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, M., Wang, J., Cai, S., Zheng, D., Tang, A., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Luo, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1316-24.2025

Convergent Recruitment of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by Mechanistically Diverse General Anesthetics

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Prognostic Implications of Sleep Architecture for Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit With Status Epilepticus

Liu, R. R., Ng, M., Winston, G. P., Schaly, S., Shukla, G., & Lomax, L. B. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70279

Anesthetic State-Dependent Bidirectional Control of States of Consciousness via Heterogeneous Medial Septum to Ventral Tegmental Area Circuits under Sevoflurane in Mice

Wu, J., Cui, C., Dai, X.-Y., Wang, W., Liu, D.-Q., Wu, H., Gao, S., Zhang, L.-Q., Liu, L., Song, W., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1383-25.2026

A Brainstem-Thalamic-Cortex Glutamatergic Neuron Pathway Modulates Propofol Anesthesia

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Catecholamine modulation of frontal cortical ignition during wakefulness, sleep and anesthesia

Li, B., Zhao, J., & Dan, Y. (2026) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwag412

Paradoxical excitation of lateral habenula neurons by propofol involves enhanced presynaptic release of glutamatePreprint

Shepard, R. D., Wu, K., & Lü, W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467738

Orexinergic innervations at GABAergic neurons of the lateral habenula mediates the anesthetic potency of sevoflurane

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The hypnotic effect of propofol involves inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

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Propofol Stimulates Noradrenalin-Inhibited Neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus by Reducing GABAergic Inhibition

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The Involvement of Hypothalamic Sleep Pathways in General Anesthesia: Testing the Hypothesis Using the GABA A Receptor β 3 N265M Knock-In Mouse

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