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Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view
Open accessAbstract
Social development has been the focus of a great deal of neuroscience based research over the past decade. In this review, we focus on providing a framework for understanding how changes in facets of social development may correspond with changes in brain function. We argue that (1) distinct phases of social behavior emerge based on whether the organizing social force is the mother, peer play, peer integration, or romantic intimacy; (2) each phase is marked by a high degree of affect-driven motivation that elicits a distinct response in subcortical structures; (3) activity generated by these structures interacts with circuits in prefrontal cortex that guide executive functions, and occipital and temporal lobe circuits, which generate specific sensory and perceptual social representations. We propose that the direction, magnitude and duration of interaction among these affective, executive, and perceptual systems may relate to distinct sensitive periods across development that contribute to establishing long-term patterns of brain function and behavior.
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“For healthy development, parental and caregiver input is a crucial component, especially during early development, whereas later in development the influence of peers becomes an additional important element of the social environment.25”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
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“The onset of puberty seems to re-orient greater attention and salience toward social and emotional information-processing streams, which are particularly relevant to interest in romantic relationships and sexual behavior (Dahl, 2016, Nelson et al., 2016).”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2016
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Nardou, R., Lewis, E. M., Rothhaas, R., Xu, R., Yang, A., Boyden, E., & Dölen, G. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1075-9 · Cited by 334
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“, 2016), b) the influence of social context on observed neural sensitivities (Shulman et al., 2016; Nelson et al., 2016), and c) the importance of pubertal developmental changes and cortical-subcortical flexible interactions (Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
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“It is also not surprising in light of the knowledge that adolescents are developmentally primed to explore their social environment and build connections outside their household (Nelson et al., 2016; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial Influence on Positive Youth Development: A Developmental Neuroscience Perspective
Telzer, E. H., van Hoorn, J., Rogers, C. R., & Do, K. T. (2018) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.003 · Cited by 211
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Giletta, M., Choukas‐Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000329 · Cited by 262
Social Media Use Subgroups Differentially Predict Psychosocial Well-Being During Early Adolescence
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“…important and central to self-evaluations, family relationships realign as adolescents strive for independence, the school environment becomes larger and more complex, and social media is introduced (Eccles and Roeser 2011; Gerwin et al. 2018; Nelson et al. 2016; Shifflet-Chila et al. 2016).”
BackgroundNg, E. D., Chua, J. Y. X., & Shorey, S. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020933867 · Cited by 186
“…stage is where adolescents experiment with their autonomy in decision making, which is facilitated by their social reorientation toward their peers (Nelson et al., 2016); hence, peer influence may be more dominant at this stage, rendering the role parental involvement in antibullying programs to…”
BackgroundBut is helping you worth the risk? Defining Prosocial Risk Taking in adolescence
Do, K. T., Moreira, J. F. G., & Telzer, E. H. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.008 · Cited by 172
“Neurodevelopment and social sensitivity during adolescence Adolescence is marked by complex biological and psychological transformations that underlie a wide range of behaviors (Nelson et al., 2005, 2016; Spear 2011).”
BackgroundBody Image Dissatisfaction and Anxiety Trajectories During Adolescence
Vannucci, A., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1390755 · Cited by 158
“Of note, the surge of gonadal steroid hormones during puberty exerts organizational effects on the regulation of neurotransmitter systems relevant for both body image dissatisfaction and anxiety (Klump, 2013; Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation and Insomnia in Adolescence: Implications for Mental Health
Uccella, S., Cordani, R., Salfi, F., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Gemignani, A., Geoffroy, P. A., Gennaro, L. D., Palagini, L., Ferrara, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040569 · Cited by 170
“For instance, modified oxytocin and vasopressin secretion is associated with changes in social interaction and creation of attachments [22].”
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Fombouchet, Y., Pineau, S., Perchec, C., Lucenet, J., & Lannegrand‐Willems, L. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12684 · Cited by 164
Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Meta-analytic Study
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Future Directions in Peer Relations Research
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“Many of these negative experiences, such as peer rejection and victimization, tend to be uncontrollable and thus directly threaten youths’ social self and sense of belonging, perhaps especially in adolescence when sensitivity to peers is heightened (Nelson et al., 2016).”
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Adolescent risk-taking in the context of exploration and social influence
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“…et al., 2013), and 2) exploring this environment is inherently risky since it is often uncertain whether the behaviour will be harmful or not (Hertwig et al., 2019; Sani et al., 2012) and 3) the environment is filled with opportunities for social learning (Crone & Dahl, 2012; Nelson et al., 2016).”
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Prinstein, M. J., Nesi, J. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13219 · Cited by 107
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“These changes appear to be particularly evident in two realms: (1) social relationships, including social roles, peers, potential romantic partners, social hierarchies, identity as a sexual being, and interest in sexual behavior [2,17] and (2) learning about the self and finding one’s place in these social hierarchies…”
BackgroundSelf-disclosure during adolescence: exploring the means, targets, and types of personal exchanges
Vijayakumar, N., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.005 · Cited by 127
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“The developmental shift toward increased experimentation and autonomy is facilitated by a social reorientation toward peers [1] and romantic partners [2].”
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“Changes in the developing brain reorient adolescents towards social cues, making them especially sensitive to their social context, such as in the presence of parents or peers (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Nelson et al., 2016; Scriber and Guyer, 2017).”
Context, Development, and Digital Media: Implications for Very Young Adolescents in LMICs
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“According to models of social cognition, and the Social Brain Model (Blakemore, 2008) in particular, information from the social context is processed by a collection of regions that support the ability to mentalize such as the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and posterior superi…”
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“All of this takes place at life stages in which the development of the brain is particularly dynamic (Fuhrmann et al., 2015; Nelson et al., 2016).”
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Hunting for What Works: Adolescents in Addiction Treatment
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“…(Cousijn et al., 2018, Blakemore, 2018, Giedd, 2018), with the adolescent brain purposefully transitioning from an overproliferation of neurons, characteristic of childhood, to greater specificity and focus of brain networks, demonstrated by increases in strength and purpose (Nelson et al., 2016).”
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Social network cohesion in school classes promotes prosocial behavior
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A Neurocognitive Model of Self-Concept Development in Adolescence
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“Indeed, it has been proposed that the key social task of adolescence, compared with other stages of development, is to fully integrate with a larger group of peers (Nelson et al., 2016).”
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“Given substantial reorganization of the adolescent brain (Nelson et al., 2016), including significant changes in VS activation across adolescence (Telzer, 2016), it is possible that there are sensitive periods during which heightened VS activation is a particularly salient susceptibility marker.”
BackgroundOpportunities for Neurodevelopmental Plasticity From Infancy Through Early Adulthood
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“…the brain changes in critical ways that support more nuanced, complex and controlled behaviors such as decision-making, reward sensitivity, emotion regulation, and making sense of complex social experiences (Casey, 2015; Guyer, Silk, & Nelson, 2016; Nelson, Jarcho, & Guyer, 2016; Steinberg, 2010).”
BackgroundRisk contagion by peers affects learning and decision-making in adolescents.
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Sensitivity and specificity in affective and social learning in adolescence
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“Indeed, adolescence can be considered to be a stage of environmental volatility because of the gradual detachment from one’s caregivers and exploration of new activities and new social and romantic relationships [109].”
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“, face processing) consistently demonstrate reduced reactivity from adolescence into adulthood (Blakemore 2008, 2012; Burnett et al., 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Gunther Moor et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Blakemore, 2012; Pfeifer et al., 2007; Monk et al., 2003; Nelson et al., 2015).”
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“protracted development of prefrontal cortical regions relative to subcortical social-affective regions (Casey, Galv an, & Somerville, 2016; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Nelson et al., 2016; Somerville, 2013).”
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“Heightened social processing and catastrophic appraisal of perceived rejection follows from the social reorientation away from family and towards peer acceptance, and the neurodevelopmental changes in social cognition and affect regulation (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Nelson et al., 2016; Sebastian et al., 2010).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.Preprint
Giletta, M., Choukas-Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. (2021) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j6cdz · Cited by 191
“…(early) adolescence as a period characterized by rapid and complex changes in social cognition and motivation, which increase the salience of peers (Nelson et al., 2016) and sensitivity to social reward (e.g., peer approval) as well as social punishment (e.g., peer rejection, Kilford et al., 2016;…”
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“Given extensive reorganization in brain structure and function during adolescence (Ladouceur, 2012; Nelson et al., 2016), considering how neural networks may serve as moderators of social experience can greatly inform theories of adolescent development (Schriber & Guyer, 2016).”
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“Interactions with caregivers serve as the primary source of experiences shaping early emotional development, with interactions expanding across time to other relationships and social contexts (Hastings & Kahle, 2019; Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGoal-directed learning in adolescence: neurocognitive development and contextual influences
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“One interesting hypothesis posits that there may be a sensitive period for social information during adolescence that prepares humans to disperse from their parental home to join larger society and/or to forge relationships within hierarchies or with potential mates 2,50,165,166 (Fig.”
Four Mechanistic Models of Peer Influence on Adolescent Cannabis Use
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Hippocampal Volume as an Amplifier of the Effect of Social Context on Adolescent Depression
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“The drawback is that social stressors, at their worst when both socialevaluative and uncontrollable (Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004), contribute greatly to depressive symptoms in adolescence (Davey et al., 2008; Nelson et al., 2016; Rudolph & Hammen, 1999; Shih et al., 2006).”
BackgroundVijayakumar, N., Ball, G., Seal, M. L., Mundy, L. K., Whittle, S., & Silk, T. J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88918-w · Cited by 46
Reciprocal associations between peer problems and non‐suicidal self‐injury throughout adolescence
Luca, L. D., Giletta, M., Menesini, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13601 · Cited by 41
Improving practices and inferences in developmental cognitive neuroscience
Flournoy, J. C., Vijayakumar, N., Cheng, T. W., Cosme, D., Flannery, J., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100807 · Cited by 41
“As an example, imagine a student wishes to test a version of social reorientation theory (Nelson et al., 2016) that has been more highly specified.”
Functional connectivity in the social brain across childhood and adolescence
McCormick, E. M., van Hoorn, J., Cohen, J. R., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy064 · Cited by 42
“…surge in work examining the developmental properties of the social brain, as structural and functional brain development parallels dynamic changes in social orientation during late childhood and adolescence (Nelson et al., 2005; 2016; Blakemore, 2008; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Mills et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHormonal and neural correlates of prosocial conformity in adolescents
Duell, N., van Hoorn, J., McCormick, E. M., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100936 · Cited by 37
Diggs, D. T., Deniz, E., & Toseeb, U. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001184 · Cited by 44
“…rely less on their family social networks as they transition to adolescence and are less likely to receive social support from teachers, which could increase the importance of school-related social support at age 14 (Eccles et al., 1993; Goodenow, 1993; Nelson et al., 2016; Oelsner et al., 2011).”
Developing developmental cognitive neuroscience: From agenda setting to hypothesis testing
van den Bos, W., & Eppinger, B. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.011 · Cited by 38
Parent–Child Relationships in the Puberty Years: Insights From Developmental Neuroscience
Suleiman, A. B., & Dahl, R. E. (2019) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12360 · Cited by 42
Demetriou, E. A., Song, C. Y., Park, S. H., Pepper, K. L., Naismith, S. L., Hermens, D. F., Hickie, I. B., Thomas, E. E., Norton, A., White, D., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0193-8 · Cited by 35
Allen, J. P., Loeb, E. L., Narr, R. K., & Costello, M. A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000005x · Cited by 43
Rudolph, K., Davis, M. M., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., & Telzer, E. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100903 · Cited by 35
Across-night dynamics in traveling sleep slow waves throughout childhood
Schoch, S. F., Riedner, B. A., Deoni, S. C., Huber, R., LeBourgeois, M. K., & Kurth, S. (2018) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy165 · Cited by 31
Neurodevelopmental origins of social competence in very preterm children
Taylor, H. G. (2020) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2020.101108 · Cited by 33
The Neural Development of ‘Us and Them’
Moreira, J. F. G., Bavel, J. J. V., & Telzer, E. H. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw134 · Cited by 37
“Furthermore adolescence in rodents, primates, and humans is marked by a social restructuring that renders increased orientation towards peers (Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAssociations between friend conflict and affective states in the daily lives of adolescents
Vannucci, A., Ohannessian, C. M., Flannery, K. M., Reyes, A. D. L., & Liu, S. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.014 · Cited by 39
Pegg, S. L., Dickey, L., Mumper, E. E., Kessel, E. M., Klein, D., & Kujawa, A. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13438 · Cited by 27
“…perceptual regions of the brain is characterized by broadly distributed activation in childhood, followed by periods of refinement and localization (Nelson et al., 2016), a theme paralleled in another review that found developmental focalization in prefrontal cortical regions (Durston et al.,…”
BackgroundNeurobiological correlates of the social and emotional impact of peer victimization: A review
Cubillo, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866926 · Cited by 39
Schriber, R. A., Rogers, C. R., Ferrer, E. E., Conger, R. D., Robins, R. W., Hastings, P. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12340 · Cited by 37
Determinants of social behavior deficits and recovery after pediatric traumatic brain injury
Zamani, A., Mychasiuk, R., & Semple, B. D. (2019) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.007 · Cited by 32
Sul, S., Güroğlu, B., Crone, E. A., & Chang, L. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08692-6 · Cited by 30
Davis, M. M., Modi, H. H., Skymba, H. V., Finnegan, M. K., Haigler, K., Telzer, E. H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac055 · Cited by 40
“Patterns of greater activation and co-activation we observed may suggest more top-down control or may reflect a need to recruit greater prefrontal activation to effectively regulate amygdala reactivity (Nelson et al., 2016) when receiving negative feedback.”
BackgroundExpecting the unexpected: a review of learning under uncertainty across development
Topel, S., Ma, I., Sleutels, J. J. M., van Steenbergen, H., de Bruijn, E. R. A., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01098-0 · Cited by 37
Eggum, N. D., An, D., Zhang, L., & Costa, M. E. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12398 · Cited by 31
Advancing clinical neuroscience through enhanced tools: Pediatric social anxiety as an example
Smith, A. R., Kircanski, K., Brotman, M. A., Quyen, B., Subar, A. R., Silk, J. S., Engel, S. G., Crosby, R. D., Harrewijn, A., White, L. K., et al. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22937 · Cited by 32
Songco, A., Booth, C., Spiegler, O., Parsons, S. D., & Fox, E. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00694-9 · Cited by 33
A developmental perspective on sleep consistency: Preschool age through emerging adulthood
Nicholson, L. M., Bohnert, A. M., & Crowley, S. J. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.2024192 · Cited by 30
“, 2017) and correspond to increased sensation seeking and reorientation of attention and motivation toward peers (Crone & Dahl, 2012; De Lorme et al., 2013; Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Social Influence on Risk Taking and Substance Use in Adolescents
Telzer, E. H., Rogers, C. R., & van Hoorn, J. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0164-9 · Cited by 37
“Rather, adolescents demonstrate unique sensitivity to social and affective contexts, perhaps as a result of the remodeling of the brain during puberty [18-19].”
Keifer, C. M., Day, T. C., Hauschild, K. M., & Lerner, M. D. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01247-7 · Cited by 31
“during which the neural networks supporting reward anticipation undergo normative reorganization [14, 15], and the saliency of social and nonsocial rewards is heightened [16–18].”
BackgroundLetting the good times roll: adolescence as a period of reduced inhibition to appetitive social cues
Perino, M. T., Miernicki, M. E., & Telzer, E. H. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw096 · Cited by 33
“…social relationships are important across many developmental phases, motivated social engagement is directed toward caregivers in infancy, toward playmates during the pre-teen years, toward larger peer groups during adolescence and toward potential mates in adulthood (see Nelson et al. , 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchreuders, E., Braams, B. R., Crone, E. A., & Güroğlu, B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20042-1 · Cited by 29
Social contextual risk taking in adolescence
Kwon, S.-J., & Telzer, E. H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00060-0 · Cited by 32
Gupta, T., Eckstrand, K., & Forbes, E. E. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13955 · Cited by 29
Dickey, L., West, M., Pegg, S. L., Green, H. E., & Kujawa, A. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.004 · Cited by 29
Cummings, L. R., Mattfeld, A. T., Pettit, J. W., & McMakin, D. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621989323 · Cited by 33
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695374 · Cited by 30
Eggum, N. D., Zhang, L., An, D., Xu, J., Clifford, B. N., & Costa, M. E. (2022) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316221088750 · Cited by 29
“During this time, social motivations reorient from peer play to peer acceptance and integration (Nelson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMcNeilly, E. A., Mills, K. L., Kahn, L. E., Crowley, R. N., Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221125180 · Cited by 30
“An orientation toward peer relationships in an increasingly complex social landscape, alongside a heightened sense of social sensitivity, are hallmark characteristics of adolescence (Nelson et al., 2016; Somerville, 2013).”
BackgroundSuleiman, A. B., & Harden, K. P. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.007 · Cited by 38
“Status-oriented social behavior, including aggression, is correlated with gonadal hormones (Rowe et al., 2004; Terburg and van Honk, 2013)—consistent with the idea that sexual development and behavior toward same-sex peers are tightly interwoven.”
de Macks, Z. A. O., Bunge, S. A., Bell, O. N., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Kayser, A. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw125 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Nelson, E. E., Jarcho, J. M., & Guyer, A. E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Eric E.
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- 118-127
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6990069
- OpenAlex
- W2217470353
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Intramural Research Program of NIMH (EEN & JMJ)
- NIH (R01-MH098370, R01-MH093605)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social development (developmental psychology), brain development, sensitive period, affective motivation, subcortical structures, prefrontal cortex, executive function, social representations, mother-child interaction, peer play, peer integration, romantic intimacy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Motivation, Nerve Net, Peer Group, Sexual Behavior, Social Behavior, Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
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