Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users
Abstract
Background Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Originally a shamanic inebriant used by the Mexican Mazatec Indians, the plant and its preparations are becoming increasingly popular among non-traditional users.Methods Demographic data and information on pattern of use and subjective effects were obtained by means of self-report questionnaires from a sample of 32 recreational users of salvia and other psychedelics.Results Involvement with salvia appeared to be a recent phenomenon. Smoking the extract was the preferred form of administration. Subjective effects were described as intense but short-lived, appearing in less than 1 min and lasting 15 min or less. They included psychedelic-like changes in visual perception, mood and somatic sensations, and importantly, a highly modified perception of external reality and the self, leading to a decreased ability to interact with oneself or with one's surroundings.Conclusions Although some aspects of the subjective effects reported were similar to high doses of classical psychedelics with serotonin-2A receptor agonist activity, the intense derealization and impairment reported appear to be a characteristic of salvia. The observed simultaneous high scores on the LSD and PCAG subscales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) have been previously reported for other kappa-opioid agonists, and support kappa receptor activation as the probable pharmacologic mechanism underlying the modified state of awareness induced by salvia.
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- Authors
- González, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J. C., Gómez-Jarabo, G., & Barbanoj, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Barbanoj, Manel J.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-162
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168830964
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, kappa opioid receptor agonists, recreational drug use, subjective effects, derealization, psychedelic effects, Addiction Research Center Inventory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diterpenes, Euphoria, Female, Humans, Male, Perception, Plant Extracts, Reality Testing, Retrospective Studies, Sensation, Spain, Illicit Drugs, Receptors, Opioid, kappa, Substance-Related Disorders, Salvia, Diterpenes, Clerodane
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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