Influences of victimization and comorbid conditions on latency to illicit drug use among adolescents and young adults

May combine two claims.

Comorbid conditions led to a higher hazard rate, but only for certain profiles among females.

“Finally, comorbid conditions led to a higher hazard rate, but only for certain profiles across females.”

May combine two claims.

Individuals categorized as endorsing a majority of victimization items had the highest probability of endorsing harmful characteristics, and those in single victimization types had differential endorsement of harmful characteristics.

“Individuals who were categorized as endorsing a majority of the victimization items had the highest probability of endorsing harmful characteristics, and individuals categorized into single victimization types (e.g., sexual abuse, emotional abuse) had differential endorsement of harmful characteristics.”

May combine two claims.

Visual inspection of the survival graph indicated hazard differences for males were especially notable between 100 and 200 days and continued to be greater after 200 days for the high sexual abuse class.

“Visual inspection of the survival graph (Fig. 4) indicated that the differences in hazard appear to be especially notable between 100 and 200 days, and continued to be greater after 200 days for the high sexual abuse class.”

May combine two claims.

Rates of poly-victimization, especially among women, in the current sample were higher than in community and other clinical samples, but consistent with more recent estimates and high-risk samples.

“It is important to note that rates of poly-victimization, especially among women, in the current sample were higher than studies assessing poly-victimization in community (Butcher et al., 2016) and other clinical samples (Davis et al., 2019a, 2019b), but are consistent with more recent estimates (Finkelhor et al., 2013) and evidence from high-risk samples (e.g., youth involved in the juvenile just”

• cites Butcher et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Davis et al., 2019a, 2019bNot checked yet

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• cites Finkelhor et al., 2013Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In the male model, the majority of emergent classes involved physical abuse, and no class emerged as a pure poly-victimization class.

“However, in the model for male participants, the majority of emergent classes involved physical abuse, with no class emerging as a pure poly-victimization class.”

May combine two claims.

Males and females who primarily experienced emotional abuse were more likely to have a trusted perpetrator and chronic abuse.

“For example, males and females who primarily experienced emotional abuse were more likely to have a trusted perpetrator and were more likely to have experienced chronic abuse.”

May combine two claims.

In the male high physical/emotional abuse class, sexual abuse endorsement was very low, and abuse tended to be chronic, by a trusted person, with life threat and disbelief.

“Although they had high rates of physical and emotional abuse, they had very low endorsement of sexual abuse. Abuse tended to be chronic, perpetrated by a trusted person, and accompanied by life threat and disbelief.”

May combine two claims.

45.8% (n=1,744) of male participants were in the low all class, with low rates of all experiences.

“The majority of male participants were in the low all class (45.8%; n = 1,744), involving low rates of all experiences.”

May combine two claims.

Some similar victimization classes were identified for males and females, but there were gender differences in class prevalence.

“First, although some similar classes were identified for males and females, there were gender differences in class prevalence.”

May combine two claims.

Females experiencing poly-victimization and high trauma-related characteristics and males experiencing sexual abuse had the quickest return to illicit drug use following treatment.

“In conclusion, this study found that while victimization profiles were similar by gender, females experiencing poly-victimization and high rates of trauma-related characteristics and males experiencing sexual abuse had the quickest return to illicit drug use following treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Visual inspection of the survival graph indicated the hazard difference for females was notable between 100 and 200 days.

“Visual inspection of the survival graph indicated that the difference in hazard was notable between 100 and 200 days (Fig. 3).”

May combine two claims.

36.2% (n=1,379) of male participants were in the high physical abuse class, with high physical abuse, moderate emotional abuse, and low potentially-harmful trauma characteristics.

“The high physical abuse class represented 36.2% (n = 1379) of male participants and involved high levels of physical abuse, moderate levels of emotional abuse, and low levels of potentially-harmful trauma characteristics.”

May combine two claims.

8.8% (n=325) of male participants were in the chronic physical/emotional abuse class, with moderate physical/emotional abuse, high chronicity, and high trusted perpetrators.

“Finally, the chronic physical/emotional abuse class represented 8.8% (n = 325) of male participants. Participants in this class endorsed moderate levels of physical and emotional abuse, high levels of chronicity, and high levels of trusted perpetrators.”

May combine two claims.

Unlike the female model, the male high sexual abuse class had high closeness to perpetrator, moderate chronicity, and low life threat and disbelief.

“Unlike the female model, which evidenced moderate levels of all potentially-harmful trauma characteristics, male participants in this class had high levels of closeness to the perpetrator, moderate levels of chronicity, and low levels of life threat and disbelief.”

May combine two claims.

In the male high sexual abuse class, physical and emotional abuse were moderate, similar to the female model.

“Like the female model, male participants in the high sexual abuse class had moderate levels of physical and emotional abuse.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Victimization effects on SUD outcomes may vary by gender and may be stronger for females, but the evidence is mixed.

“Prior work notes that the effects of victimization on SUD outcomes may differ by gender, and may be more pronounced for females, although evidence is mixed.”

• cites Shane et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Moran et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Hyman et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prior work identified latent classes of victimization and associated characteristics.

“The current study expands and replicates prior work that identified latent classes of victimization and associated characteristics (Davis et al., 2019a, 2019b) by using a sample of adolescents and young adults in treatment for illicit drug use disorder.”

• cites Davis et al., 2019a, 2019bNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Among adolescents, physical abuse was more strongly associated with increased illicit drug use for females than for males.

“Similarly, among adolescents, physical abuse was more strongly related to increased illicit drug use for females than for males (Moran et al., 2004).”

• cites Moran et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Missing data in the study ranged from 0% at baseline to 40% at the 12-month follow-up.

“In total, missing data ranged from 0% (baseline) to 40% (12-month follow up).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The timeline follow-back procedure for substance use used in this study has been validated and used in similar large-scale nationally representative studies.

“The timeline follow back procedures for substance use used in this study have been validated and used in similar, large scale, nationally representative studies including Monitoring the Future, Treatment Episode Data Set, and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.”

• cites Monitoring the FutureNot checked yet

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• cites Treatment Episode Data SetNot checked yet

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• cites National Survey on Drug Use and HealthNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Among adults seeking treatment for cocaine dependence, victimization types and overall trauma severity predicted relapse for women but not for men.

“Finally, a study of adults presenting for cocaine dependence found that the types of victimization experienced and overall trauma severity were predictive of relapse for women, but not men (Hyman et al., 2008).”

• cites Hyman et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other studies have not found gender differences in how victimization types affect mental health outcomes.

“However, other work has failed to find that the effects of various victimization types on mental health outcomes differ by gender (e.g., Rosen et al., 2002).”

• cites Rosen et al., 2002 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Comorbid conditions appear to be a critical predictor of illicit drug use treatment outcomes.

“Comorbid conditions appear to be a critical predictor of illicit drug use treatment outcomes (Grella et al., 2001), perhaps because treatment may not sufficiently address comorbid conditions, leaving youth with unresolved mental health symptoms following treatment discharge.”

• cites Grella et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Some evidence suggests that PTSD or MDD effects on SUD outcomes are especially pronounced for males.

“In a review of the literature, a diagnosis of either posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) was found to be a major factor associated with poorer outcomes for individuals with a comorbid substance use disorder, and there was some evidence that these effects were especially pronounced for males (Najt et al., 2011).”

• cites Najt et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In a national sample of adolescents in SUD treatment, girls with more severe victimization had a higher relapse likelihood than less severely victimized girls, while boys' relapse risk was similar regardless of victimization history.

“In a national sample of adolescents in SUD treatment, more severely-victimized girls evidenced a higher likelihood of relapse than less severely-victimized girls, but boys had a similar relapse risk independent of victimization history (Shane et al., 2006).”

• cites Shane et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants with missing data due to lack of follow-up were censored in the models.

“Participants who had missing data due to lack of follow up were censored in the models.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A PTSD or MDD diagnosis is a major factor linked to poorer outcomes among people with comorbid SUD.

“In a review of the literature, a diagnosis of either posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) was found to be a major factor associated with poorer outcomes for individuals with a comorbid substance use disorder, and there was some evidence that these effects were especially pronounced for males (Najt et al., 2011).”

• cites Najt et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The GAIN assessment tool is a comprehensive structured interview with more than 100 scales.

“The GAIN assessment tool (GAIN-I) is a comprehensive, structured interview with over 100 scales assessing background, substance use, physical health, risk behaviors, mental health, environment, legal records, and vocation (Dennis et al., 2004).”

• cites Dennis et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Human subjects approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board before all analyses.

“Human subjects approval was received by the Institutional Review Board prior to all analyses.”

May combine two claims.

Full information maximum likelihood with robust standard errors is a better missing-data strategy than listwise deletion and matches multiple imputation when data are missing at random.

“We used full information maximum likelihood with robust standard errors in Mplus. This is a superior strategy to listwise deletion and equivalent to using multiple imputation techniques when data are assumed to be missing at random (Enders, 2011).”

• cites Enders, 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The data are missing at random.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Young people receiving treatment for substance use disorders frequently relapse, with average abstinence around 38% at six months and 32% at twelve months after treatment.

“Adolescents and young adults who seek treatment are at high risk of relapse, with average abstinence rates estimated at 38% at 6 months and 32% at 12 months post-treatment (Williams and Chang, 2006).”

• cites Williams and Chang, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PTSD symptom items were based on item response theory and methodological analyses of the Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD.

“Items were based on a series of item response theory and methodological analyses of the Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD (Norris and Perilla, 1996).”

• cites Norris and Perilla, 1996Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Women with more mental health problems are less likely to complete SUD treatment.

“Prior research has found that women with more mental health problems are less likely to complete SUD treatment (Green et al., 2002)”

• cites Green et al., 2002 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Increased rates of relapse are found among individuals who report two or more traumatic events compared to one or fewer (70% vs. 30%).

“Our findings are in line with prior work that has found increased rates of relapse among individuals who report two or more traumatic events compared to individuals who report one or fewer (70% vs. 30%, respectively; Farley et al., 2004)”

• cites Farley et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the study uses a prospective design, no causal inferences can be made.

“Finally, while this study uses a prospective design, no causal inferences can be made.”

May combine two claims.

Victimization experiences are abundant, and individuals (especially females) with comorbid conditions may have more complex clinical needs.

“Second, it is clear that victimization experiences are abundant and individuals (especially females) with comorbid conditions may have more complex clinical needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A history of abuse is associated with pretreatment severity and post-treatment recovery.

“and is associated with pretreatment severity and post-treatment recovery (Branstetter et al., 2008)”

• cites Branstetter et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The effects of co-occurring disorders on SUD outcomes are especially pronounced for males.

“These findings were surprising in light of evidence that the effects of co-occurring disorders on SUD outcomes are especially pronounced for males (Najt et al., 2011).”

• cites Najt et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nearly 90% of relapse-prone female patients in treatment for SUDs had a history of sexual abuse.

“For example, an early study found that nearly 90% of relapse-prone female patients in treatment for SUDs had a history of sexual abuse (Wadsworth et al., 1995)”

• cites Wadsworth et al., 1995 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A history of abuse (sexual, physical, or emotional) is common among individuals in SUD treatment.

“Prior literature has supported the notion that a history of abuse (e.g., sexual, physical, or emotional) is common among individuals in SUD treatment (Farley et al., 2004)”

• cites Farley et al., 2004 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gender does not appear to be a specific predictor of treatment outcomes such as relapse.

“yet, in several literature reviews and meta-analyses (see Greenfield et al., 2007 for review), gender does not appear to be a specific predictor of treatment outcomes (e.g., relapse).”

• cites Greenfield et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because all data are self-reported, actual latency to illicit drug use may be biased.

“Second, because all data are self-reported, actual latency to illicit drug use may be biased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sexual abuse item does not include forms of abuse that did not occur against the conscious will of the child, and the emotional abuse item relies on subjective perceptions of events that constitute "abuse."

“Third, the sexual abuse item does not include forms of abuse that did not occur against the conscious will of the child, and the emotional abuse item relies on subjective perceptions of events that constitute “abuse.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sexual abuse was a stronger predictor of outcomes following alcohol treatment than physical abuse.

“and a second study found that sexual abuse was a stronger predictor of outcomes following alcohol treatment than physical abuse (Greenfield et al., 2002).”

• cites Greenfield et al., 2002 sourceNot checked yet

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