The potential of immersive virtual reality to enhance learning: A meta-analysis

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Social Virtual Reality: Neurodivergence and Inclusivity in the Metaverse

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Collaborative generative learning activities in immersive virtual reality increase learning

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Comparing video and virtual reality as tools for fostering interest and self‐efficacy in classroom management: Results of a pre‐registered experiment

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Immersive procedural training in virtual reality: A systematic literature review

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Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Learning Engagement

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Mastery experiences in immersive virtual reality promote pro-environmental waste-sorting behavior

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Efficacy of virtual reality and augmented reality in anatomy education: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Reconstruction of Industrial and Historical Heritage for Cultural Enrichment Using Virtual and Augmented Reality

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How effective is immersive VR for vocational education? Analyzing knowledge gains and motivational effects

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Confounded or Controlled? A Systematic Review of Media Comparison Studies Involving Immersive Virtual Reality for STEM Education

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The Theory of Immersive Collaborative Learning (TICOL)

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Exploring pre-service teachers’ intention to use virtual reality: A mixed method approach

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Role of Virtual Reality in advancing education with sustainability and identification of Additive Manufacturing as its cost-effective enabler

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Facilitating learning in immersive virtual reality: Segmentation, summarizing, both or none?

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A Systematic Review of Immersive Virtual Reality in STEM Education: Advantages and Disadvantages on Learning and User Experience

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Theory-Based Learning Design with Immersive Virtual Reality in Science Education: A Systematic Review

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An immersive virtual reality learning environment with CFD simulations: Unveiling the Virtual Garage concept

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How are we doing with student-centered learning facilitated by educational technologies? A systematic review of literature reviews

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Investigating the effectiveness of immersive VR skill training and its link to physiological arousal

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed reality in vocational education and training: examining behavioral, cognitive, and affective training outcomes and possible moderators

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Using Immersive Virtual Reality in an Online Biology Course

Majewska, A. A., & Vereen, E. (2023) · Journal for STEM Education Research · doi:10.1007/s41979-023-00095-9 · Cited by 39

Pedagogical adoption of SVVR in formal education: Design-based research on the development of teacher-facilitated tactics for supporting immersive and interactive virtual inquiry fieldwork-based learning

Jong, M. S. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104921 · Cited by 43

Individual differences in executive function affect learning with immersive virtual reality

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Effect of Interactive Learning Environments on Learning Outcomes in Science Education: A Network Meta-Analysis

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Five canonical findings from 30 years of psychological experimentation in virtual reality

Bailenson, J. N., DeVeaux, C., Han, E., Markowitz, D. M., Santoso, M., & Wang, P. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02216-3 · Cited by 30

Effects of Using Immersive Virtual Reality for Science Education on Learning Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

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A systematic review of SVVR in language education in terms of the ADDIE model

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Effect of immersive virtual reality-based cognitive remediation in patients with mood or psychosis spectrum disorders: study protocol for a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial

Jespersen, A. E., Lumbye, A., Vinberg, M., Glenthøj, L. B., Nordentoft, M., Wæhrens, E. E., Knudsen, G. M., Makransky, G., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07910-7 · Cited by 31

Impact of anxiety and confidence in virtual reality‐mediated learning transferred to hands‐on tasks

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Applying educational design research to develop a low-cost, mobile immersive virtual reality serious game teaching safety in secondary vocational education

Boel, C., Rotsaert, T., Valcke, M., Vanhulsel, A., & Schellens, T. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12126-4 · Cited by 34

Opportunities overcome challenges in adopting immersive virtual reality in online learning

Abadia, R., Fritsch, J., Abdelaal, M. S., & Jayawickrama, T. S. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100208 · Cited by 23

Metaverse Impact and Trends in Sustainable Integration of Immersive Technologies in Education

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Exploring the role of virtual reality in preparing emergency responders for mass casualty incidents

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The Role of Immersive Virtual Realities: Enhancing Science Learning in Higher Education

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Understanding and managing the complexities in situated learning in immersive virtual environments

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of STEM education on students learning outcomes

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The Use of Virtual Worlds in the Field of Education: A Bibliometric Study

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Exploring the Potential of Immersive Virtual Reality in Italian Schools: A Practical Workshop with High School Teachers

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Behavioral intention, perception and user assessment in an immersive virtual reality environment with CFD simulations

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On the role of virtual reality in engineering education: a systematic literature review of experimental research (2011–2022)

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Systematic review on the integration of immersive technologies to improve learning in primary education

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Meta‐analysis of the effect of 360‐degree videos on students' learning outcomes and non‐cognitive outcomes

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Time matters in VR: Students benefit from longer VR class duration, but certain outcomes decline after 45 minutes, with large individual variance

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A Nuanced Perspective on VR Learning: Exploring the Effects of Immersion Levels on Knowledge Acquisition Using Electrodermal and Eye Tracking Sensors

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Fostering collaborative and embodied learning with extended reality: Special issue introduction

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Neuroaffirmative Approaches to Extended Reality: Empowering Individuals with Autism Spectrum Condition through Immersive Learning Environments

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Critically reflecting on the use of immersive virtual reality in educational settings: What is known and what has yet to be shown?

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Effects of virtual reality technology on primary school students’ creativity performance, learning engagement and mental flow

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Virtual Reality in Medical Education, Healthcare Education, and Nursing Education: An Overview

Λαμπρόπουλος, Γ., del Bosque, A., Fernández‐Arias, P., & Vergara, D. (2025) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti9070075 · Cited by 19

Heterogeneity in Extended Reality Influences Procedural Knowledge Gain and Operation Training

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Immersive virtual reality for learning about ecosystems: effect of two signaling levels and feedback on action decisions

Porte, L., Boucheix, J., Rapet, L., Drai-Zerbib, V., & Martinez, J.-L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359071 · Cited by 15

A Cybersecurity Model for a Roblox-based Metaverse Architecture Framework

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VR training program for fire escape: Learning progress predicted by the perception of fire presence, VR operational frustration, and gameplay self-efficacy

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Development and testing of a model for explaining learning and learning-related factors in immersive virtual reality

Fokides, E., & Antonopoulos, P. (2023) · Computers & Education X Reality · doi:10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100048 · Cited by 25

Towards a Framework for a Nation-Wide Implementation of Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality in K-12 Technical and Vocational Education

Boel, C., Dekeyser, K., Lemal, M., Rotsaert, T., Valcke, M., Schellens, T., & Struyf, D. (2023) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-023-00925-y · Cited by 15

Immersion or social presence? Investigating the effect of virtual reality immersive environments on sommelier learning experiences

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Virtual Reality-Based Islamic Religious Education: Enhancing Students’ Religious Experience and Historical Understanding

Ghuni, M. I., Bolat, M., & Rahman, M. (2026) · Ar-Rayyan Journal of Islamic Education · doi:10.67899/ar.v3i1.224 · Cited by 14

Virtual reality classrooms vs. video conferencing platform, initial design and evaluation study for collaborative distance learning

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Theoretical model and practical analysis of immersive industrial design education based on virtual reality technology

Li, P., Zhang, X., Hu, X., Xu, B., & Zhang, J. (2024) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-024-09946-x · Cited by 14

Virtual Reality Training to Reduce Workplace Violence in Healthcare

Clay, C. J., Hochmuth, J. M., & Wirth, O. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2429712 · Cited by 13

Virtual Omnibus Lecture: Investigating the Effects of Varying Lecturer Avatars as Environmental Context on Audience Memory

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Understanding Learning and Learning Experience in Immersive Virtual Reality

Antonopoulos, P., Fokides, E., & Koutromanos, G. (2024) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-024-09764-z · Cited by 19

The application of metaverse in mental health

Wang, Y., Duan, B., Chen, X., Song, Y., & Liu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1463494 · Cited by 16

Teaching ocean literacy in science education: a systematic review

Asikin, N., Suwono, H., Sumitro, S. B., & Dharmawan, A. (2025) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2025.2490227 · Cited by 13

Go green: evaluating an XR application on biodiversity in German secondary school classrooms

Mulders, M., Träg, K. H., & Kirner, L. (2025) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-024-09697-1 · Cited by 12

Artificial Intelligence in Brand Communication: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Research Outlook

Vyas, Y., & Vishwakarma, P. (2026) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70170 · Cited by 19

Change in students’ explanation of the shape of snowflakes after collaborative immersive virtual reality

Matovu, H., Won, M., Treagust, D. F., Ungu, D. A. K., Mocerino, M., Tsai, C., & Tasker, R. (2022) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d2rp00176d · Cited by 12

Breaking boundaries: Enhancing dance learning through virtual reality innovation

Li, M. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12834-5 · Cited by 11

Extended Reality Educational System with Virtual Teacher Interaction for Enhanced Learning

Liarokapis, F., Milata, V., & Škola, F. (2024) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti8090083 · Cited by 11

Effects of immersive virtual reality simulation–based maternity nursing education: A randomized controlled trial

Jeong, S., & Cha, C. (2024) · Clinical Simulation in Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ecns.2024.101631 · Cited by 12

Assessment as learning: Evidence based on meta-analysis and quantitative ethnography research

Liu, Y., Xu, G., Yuan, S., Zhou, C., & Wang, C. (2024) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101423 · Cited by 15

Virtual reality and affective learning in commemorative history teaching: effects of immersive technology and generative learning activities

Mulders, M., Träg, K. H., Kaninski, L., Kirner, L., & Kerres, M. (2025) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2025.2461524 · Cited by 23

Virtual Reality Laboratory for Engineering and Material Science Immersive Learning

Aruanno, B., Tamburrino, F., Neri, P., & Barone, S. (2025) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.70041 · Cited by 22

Responding to Islamic finance anomalies in Indonesia: Sharia financial literacy using virtual reality context

Sari, R. C., Sholihin, M., Cahaya, F. R., Yuniarti, N., Ilyana, S., & Fitriana, E. (2024) · Journal of Islamic accounting and business research · doi:10.1108/jiabr-08-2022-0195 · Cited by 17

Focus groups in the metaverse: shared virtual spaces for patients, clinicians, and researchers

Amestoy, B., Donegan, T., Calvis, I., Świdrak, J., Rodriguez, E., Vargas-Reverón, C., Combalía, A., Martinez, R. O., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2024.1432282 · Cited by 11

Portable and Self-Powered Sensing AI-Enabled Mask for Emotional Recognition in Virtual Reality

He, D., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Fan, C., Xiong, K., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c01936 · Cited by 10

The Effects of Robots on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis

Wang, W., Jian, X., & Diao, L. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06883-z · Cited by 10

A psychological framework for social skill acquisition in immersive VR environments: Conceptualization, application, and empirical evaluation

Escher, Y. A., Petrowsky, H. M., Knabbe, F., Kuhl, P., & Loschelder, D. D. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100765 · Cited by 10

Comparing desktop 3D virtual reality with web 2.0 interfaces: Identifying key factors behind enhanced user capabilities

Sudár, A., & Csapó, Á. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31717 · Cited by 10

CAVE automatic virtual environment technology to enhance social participation of autistic people: A classification and literature review

Pivotto, I. D., Matias, V., & Ferreira, W. D. P. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102453 · Cited by 14

Comparing Realities: A Study on the Impact of Virtual Reality versus Paper-Based Reading on Higher Education Students' Comprehension Skills

Çoban, M., Topuz, A. C., Karabulut, A., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2024) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.24.47.11.4 · Cited by 9

Text‐to‐speech and virtual reality agents in primary school classroom environments

Dai, L., Kritskaia, V., van der Velden, E., Vervoort, R., Blankendaal, M., Jung, M. M., Postma, M., & Louwerse, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13046 · Cited by 13

Analysis of the Teaching Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Technology in Higher Education

He, X., & Tan, W. H. (2024) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias · doi:10.56294/sctconf20251274 · Cited by 9

VeRidium: A Fully Immersive and Interactive Virtual Reality Educational Environment

Thiele, G., Mirica, K. A., & Habig, S. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01256 · Cited by 9

AI-integrated virtual reality training for teacher preparation on functional communication training: a randomized controlled trial

King, S. A., Glazek, C., Ross, K. M., Coghlan, C., Green, M., Feng, L., Lele, H., & Bell, T. (2025) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-025-01212-2 · Cited by 14

The impact of IVR-ADDIE-based digital storytelling teaching mode on students’ self-regulation ability and self-efficacy

Yan, Y.-M., Zheng, Y., & Ye, X. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13070-7 · Cited by 16

Who benefits and who doesn't in virtual reality learning: An experimental study comparing two types of school

Šikl, R., Brücknerová, K., Švédová, H., Děchtěrenko, F., Ugwitz, P., Chmelík, J., Pokorná, H., & Juřík, V. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12973 · Cited by 10

Teaching with AI: The Role of Teachers in the Hybrid Intelligent System

Ley, T., Cukurova, M., Edwards, J., Falhs, A.-C., Järvelä, S., Kasepalu, R., Molenaar, I., Pishtari, G., Rummel, N., Sikk, J., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03873-9_3 · Cited by 9

Job relevance or perceived usefulness? What features of immersive virtual reality software predict intention to use in a future project-based-learning scenario: a mixed method approach

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The efficacy of adaptive training in immersive virtual reality for a fine motor skill task

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