Column versus batch methods for measuring PFOS and PFOA sorption to geomedia
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study is to compare the consistency between column and batch experiment methods for measuring solid-phase sorption coefficients and isotherms for per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are used as representative PFAS, and experiments are conducted with three natural porous media with differing geochemical properties. Column-derived sorption isotherms are generated by conducting multiple experiments with different input concentrations (multi-C0 method) or employing elution-front integration wherein the entire isotherm is determined from a single breakthrough curve (BTC) elution front. The isotherms generated with the multi-C0 column method compared remarkably well to the batch isotherms over an aqueous concentration range of 3–4 orders of magnitude. Specifically, the 95% confidence intervals for the individual isotherm variables overlapped, producing statistically identical regressions. The elution-front integration isotherms generally agreed with the batch isotherms, but exhibited noise and systematic deviation at lower concentrations in some cases. All data sets were well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Freundlich N values ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 for PFOS and was 0.87 for PFOA and are consistent with values reported in the literature for different geomedia. The results of this study indicate that column and batch experiments can measure consistent sorption isotherms and sorption coefficients for PFOS and PFOA when robust experimental setup and data analysis are implemented.
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- Findingown data
Batch and column data for PFOS and PFOA on sand show similar consistency and robustness as prior systems.
“The batch and column data exhibit similar consistency and robustness as observed for the prior systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Nonreactive tracer BTCs were ideal.
“BTCs for the NRT are observed to be ideal (see Figure S1 in the SI), as was observed by Brusseau et al. (2019a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Column mass recovery values ranged from 92% to 110%.
“Mass recovery values for the column experiments range from 92% to 110%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
PFOS and PFOA BTCs were nonideal, with asymmetry and tailing.
“In contrast to the NRT, the BTCs for PFOS and PFOA are observed to be nonideal, exhibiting asymmetry and tailing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Dispersivities from NRT data were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.5 cm for sand, Vinton, and Eustis, respectively.
“The dispersivities determined from analysis of the NRT data are 0.2, 0.2, and 0.5 cm for the sand, Vinton, and Eustis, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Batch and multi-C0 column isotherms for PFOS on Eustis soil are essentially coincident over four orders of magnitude.
“The two sets of data are essentially coincident over a concentration range spanning four orders of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Retardation factors from different calculation methods were consistent for each experiment set.
“The retardation factors determined using the different calculation methods were consistent for each set of experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PFOS sorption by Vinton soil is well described by the Freundlich model over more than three orders of magnitude.
“As observed for Eustis soil, PFOS sorption by Vinton soil is well described by the Freundlich model over a concentration range spanning more than three orders of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
R values from moment analysis and frontal analysis were consistent for full-BTC data sets.
“However, as will be discussed in the Results section, R values determined by moment analysis (equation 4) and frontal analysis were consistent for the full-BTC data sets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For the elution-integration experiments, R values from moment analysis, center of mass, area above arrival front, and area below elution front were quite consistent.
“The R values determined from moment analysis, center of mass, area above the arrival front, and area below the elution front are quite consistent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Column-derived data for PFOS on Vinton soil are consistent with batch data.
“The column-derived data are consistent with the batch data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Freundlich regressions from batch, column, and combined PFOS-Eustis data show good consistency with little deviation.
“Notably, the Freundlich regressions from batch, column, and combined batch and column data show good consistency with very little deviation from one another.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Multi-C0 column isotherms compared remarkably well to batch isotherms over 3-4 orders of magnitude.
“The isotherms generated with the multi-C0 column method compared remarkably well to the batch isotherms over an aqueous concentration range of 3–4 orders of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The magnitudes of sorption measured with the column experiments closely matched those determined with the batch experiments.
“The magnitudes of sorption measured with the column experiments closely matched those determined with the batch experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Column and batch measurements gave remarkably consistent isotherms with small variability for all solutes and media studied.
“The column and batch measurements provide remarkably consistent sorption isotherms with small variability for all solutes and media studied herein.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The concentration ranges for the isotherms measured in the present study span 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.
“The concentration ranges for the isotherms measured in the present study span 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Sorbed concentrations from elution-front integration are generally smaller than standard isotherm values at lower concentrations for Eustis and Vinton soils.
“The sorbed concentrations determined with the elution-integration method are generally smaller than the standard isotherm values at lower concentrations for the Eustis and Vinton soils.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Elution-front integration isotherms coincide with standard isotherms for Eustis and sand at higher concentrations.
“The isotherms determined from the integration method are coincident with the standard isotherms for Eustis and sand at the higher concentration range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Organic carbon content of Eustis soil is about four times that of Vinton.
“Interestingly, the organic carbon content of Eustis soil is approximately 4 times larger than that of Vinton.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The consistency is observed for PFAS transport data influenced by both rate-limited and nonlinear sorption.
“It is notable that this consistency is observed for PFAS transport data (BTCs) that are influenced by both rate-limited and nonlinear sorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The results of this work demonstrate that column experiments can produce sorption data consistent with that produced by batch experiments.
“The results of this work demonstrate that column experiments can produce sorption data consistent with that produced by batch experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Insufficient data points exist for Vinton at higher concentrations for comparison.
“Insufficient data points are present for the Vinton soil at the higher concentration range for comparison.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Batch and column Kd values were not consistent in some cases for the three studies discussed above.
“In summary, it is observed that batch and column Kd values were not consistent in some cases for the three studies discussed above.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The 95% confidence intervals for the PFOS N values overlap.
“However, the 95% confidence intervals overlap.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The transport of PFOS and PFOA was influenced by rate-limited and nonlinear sorption.
“This is in spite of the fact that the transport of PFOS and PFOA was influenced by rate-limited and nonlinear sorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The Kf for PFOS on sand is greater than the Kf for PFOA on sand.
“Additionally, the Kf value determined for PFOS sorption by the sand is observed to be greater than the value for PFOA sorption by the sand.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Significant random error or noise is present at lower concentrations for elution-integration data.
“As noted, a significant degree of random error or noise is present at lower concentrations for the elution-integration data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This study has demonstrated that consistent results can be obtained from both methods for sorption of PFOS and PFOA by geomedia with differing geochemical properties.
“This study has demonstrated that consistent results can be obtained from both methods for sorption of PFOS and PFOA by geomedia with differing geochemical properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The column experiments in the present study were conducted using a relatively high pore-water velocity, which likely enhanced the impact of rate-limited sorption.
“The column experiments in the present study were conducted using a relatively high pore-water velocity, which likely enhanced the impact of rate-limited sorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All data sets were well described by the Freundlich isotherm model.
“All data sets were well described by the Freundlich isotherm model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
PFOS Kf values for the two soils are about seven times greater than the PFOS Kf for sand.
“The PFOS Kf values determined for the two soils are approximately 7-times greater than the PFOS Kf value for the sand”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individual Freundlich isotherms for PFOS-sand are essentially coincident.
“The individual Freundlich isotherms are essentially coincident for PFOS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Significant deviation occurs at lower concentrations for elution-front integration isotherms.
“However, significant deviation is observed at lower concentrations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The N values determined in this study for PFOS and PFOA are consistent with the literature values.
“Overall, the N values determined in this study for PFOS and PFOA are consistent with the literature values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingreasoning
Kd values from elution-integration isotherm parameters are consistently smaller than those from other methods.
“The values are observed to be consistently smaller than those determined by the other methods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Kf values for PFOS on Vinton and Eustis soils are similar, about 1.1.
“The Kf values for PFOS sorption by Vinton and Eustis soils are similar, approximately 1.1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some disparity between batch and column regressions occurs for PFOA-sand at lower concentrations.
“Conversely, some disparity between the batch and column regressions is observed for PFOA sorption by sand at the lower concentration range.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The 95% confidence intervals for PFOA-sand batch isotherm data span the column regression.
“However, the 95% confidence intervals for the batch isotherm data span the column regression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The batch and column data reported in the current study are consistent for all four PFAS-media systems tested.
“Conversely, the batch and column data reported in the current study are consistent for all four PFAS-media systems tested.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Brusseau et al. (2019b) found batch-derived predicted retardation factors for PFOS and PFOA matched column-measured values.
“The batch-derived predicted retardation factors were consistent with the measured values obtained from the column experiments for both PFOS and PFOA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al. (2019b)
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Aly et al. (2018) found batch Kd values for PFOS and PFOA on quartz sand were about 10 times lower than column-derived Kd values.
“Aly et al. (2018) quantified sorption of PFOS and PFOA for a quartz sand. The Kd values obtained from the batch experiment were approximately 10-times smaller than the values determined from the column experiments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Small 95% confidence intervals for the batch data indicate good replication.
“Additionally, the small 95% confidence intervals for the batch data indicate good replication.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Only two prior studies directly compared Kd values from both column and batch experiments.
“Only two of these studies conducted both column and batch experiments and directly compared the measured Kd values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The small dispersivities indicate uniformly packed columns minimally affected by preferential flow.
“These small values are consistent with the nature of the three media and are indicative of uniformly packed columns minimally influenced by preferential flow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Other studies reported disparities between column and batch methods.
“However, other investigations have reported disparities between the two methods”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Brusseau et al. (2019a) found column and batch Kd values agreed well for PFOS sorption by two soils.
“Conversely, Kd values obtained from column and batch methods matched well for sorption of PFOS by two soils in the study reported by Brusseau et al. (2019a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Small 95% confidence intervals for both batch and column PFOS-Vinton data indicate good reproducibility.
“Small 95% confidence intervals for both batch and column data indicate good reproducibility.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The nonideal PFOS/PFOA BTC behavior was caused mainly by rate-limited sorption-desorption, with a minor contribution from nonlinear sorption.
“This behavior was also observed by Brusseau et al. (2019a) and was determined to be caused primarily by rate-limited sorption-desorption, with a minor contribution from nonlinear sorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Most discrepancies between column and batch methods can be traced to artifacts in experiment implementation or data interpretation for one or both methods.
“In the majority of cases, the discrepancy can typically be traced to artifacts associated with experiment implementation or data interpretation for one or both methods”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Initial concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L were chosen to represent elevated levels typical at PFAS source sites such as fire-training areas and manufacturing facilities.
“These concentrations were selected to be representative of the elevated levels typically observed for soils and groundwater at PFAS sources sites such as fire-training areas and manufacturing facilities (Schultz et al., 2004; Brusseau et al. 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisereasoning
The representativeness of batch-derived sorption coefficients for dynamic flow and transport conditions has not been fully investigated for PFAS.
“However, the representativeness of the measured sorption coefficients for the dynamic conditions of water flow and solute transport has not been fully investigated for PFAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Inaccurate sorbed concentrations may be obtained from elution-front integration, particularly at lower concentrations, due to data truncation or analytical uncertainty.
“Inaccurate sorbed concentrations may be obtained, particularly at lower concentrations, either because of data truncation or as a result of analytical uncertainty, as discussed above.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The higher Kf for soils than sand is likely due to their higher organic-carbon and metal-oxide contents.
“likely due to the higher organic-carbon and metal-oxide contents of the soils compared to the sand.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Fesch et al. (1998) did not observe good agreement between sorption isotherms from elution-front integration and multiple-C0 column experiments when the column experiments employed a pore-water velocity too high for equilibrium conditions.
“However, Fesch et al. (1998) did not observe good agreement between sorption isotherms determined from elution-front integration and multiple-C0 column experiments when the column experiments employed a pore-water velocity that was too high for equilibrium conditions to be established.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fesch et al., 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The consistency between the two methods indicates that the experiment and data-analysis approaches used for them were robust.
“The consistency between the two methods indicates that the experiment and data-analysis approaches used for them were robust.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The similarity of results obtained in the present study suggests general consistency of sorption behavior of PFOS and PFOA with lower-OC media compared to the higher OC media typically examined to date.
“The similarity of results obtained in the present study suggests general consistency of sorption behavior of PFOS and PFOA with these lower-OC media compared to the higher OC media typically examined to date.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The analysis methods used to determine R and Kd are robust even for nonideal transport systems.
“This indicates that the analysis methods used herein to determine R and Kd values for the transport data (e.g., moment analysis, frontal analysis) are robust even for systems for which transport is nonideal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The multi-C0 column method generates substantially more samples for analysis compared to the batch method, especially when higher-resolution sampling is employed.
“Another issue is that the multi-C0 column method in particular generates substantially more samples for analysis compared to the batch method, especially when higher-resolution sampling is employed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
This Kf difference is consistent with the molecular structures (chain length and functional group) of PFOS and PFOA.
“This result is consistent with the molecular structures (chain length and functional group) of the two (e.g., Higgins and Luthy, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Higgins and Luthy, 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
This noise is attributed to inherent uncertainty in concentration measurements from the analytical method.
“This is attributed to the inherent uncertainty in concentration measurements associated with the analytical method.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Nonequilibrium conditions during transport likely influenced the elution-integration method, causing smaller calculated sorbed concentrations.
“As such, it is likely that the nonequilibrium conditions present during transport influenced application of the elution-integration method, leading to smaller calculated sorbed concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elution-integration method assumes nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the only significant process affecting solute transport and tailing.
- Interpretationnone given
Compared to batch experiments, the experiment timeframe and associated workload for the column method can become impractical for systems with relatively high retention capacity.
“Compared to batch experiments, the experiment timeframe and associated workload for the column method can become impractical for systems with relatively high retention capacity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The solids-solution ratio does not appear to be a source of deviation.
“Hence, the solids-solution ratio does not appear to be a source of deviation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Column and batch experiments can measure consistent sorption isotherms and sorption coefficients for PFOS and PFOA when robust experimental setup and data analysis are implemented.
“The results of this study indicate that column and batch experiments can measure consistent sorption isotherms and sorption coefficients for PFOS and PFOA when robust experimental setup and data analysis are implemented.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This reflects truncation of the elution curve for PFOS on sand.
“This reflects a degree of truncation of the elution curve for PFOS with sand.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Equilibrium sorption coefficients (Kd, Kf, N) from miscible-displacement column experiments are consistent with batch-derived measurements.
“These results conclusively demonstrate that equilibrium sorption coefficients (Kd, Kf, N) measured with the miscible-displacement column experiments are consistent with batch-derived measurements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The discrepancies between R values can be attributed to smaller sorbed concentrations from elution-integration compared to other methods.
“The discrepancies between the R values can be attributed to the smaller sorbed concentrations determined by the elution-integration method compared to those determined with the other methods, as described above.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The accuracy of the isotherm from elution-front integration may be compromised if dispersion, diffusive mass transfer, or nonequilibrium sorption are significant.
“The accuracy of the isotherm may be compromised if dispersion, diffusive mass transfer, or nonequilibrium sorption are of significance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The elution-front integration method assumes that nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the sole significant process influencing transport.
- Premisecitation
TCE transport in Eustis soil is influenced by rate-limited sorption/desorption much more than PFOS.
“TCE transport in the Eustis soil is influenced by rate-limited sorption/desorption to a much greater extent compared to PFOS (Brusseau et al., 2019a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al., 2019a
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
It is reasonable that the data set with the lowest sorption magnitude has the greatest uncertainty.
“It is reasonable that the data set with the lowest magnitude of sorption is the one that exhibits the greatest degree of uncertainty.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 25
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe 95% confidence intervals for individual PFOS-Eustis isotherm variables overlap, giving statistically identical regressions.
“The 95% confidence intervals for the individual isotherm variables overlap, producing statistically identical regressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBatch and column data for PFOS-Eustis are well described by the Freundlich model and indicate nonlinear sorption.
“Data from both types of experiments are well described by the Freundlich isotherm model, and indicate PFOS undergoes nonlinear sorption with Eustis soil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe three media have similar median grain diameters but different geochemical properties.
“The media have similar median grain diameters, but different geochemical properties (Table S1 in the Supplemental Information file).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe equivalent-Kd values calculated using the isotherm regression reported herein for the same input concentrations used by Guelfo et al. (2020) are approximately 0.4 L/452 kg and 0.2 L/kg for PFOS and PFOA, respectively.
“The equivalent-Kd values calculated using the isotherm regression reported herein for the same input concentrations used by Guelfo et al. (2020) are approximately 0.4 L/452 kg and 0.2 L/kg for PFOS and PFOA, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guelfo et al. (2020)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe Kd values differ by a factor of ~3 for PFOS but are identical for PFOA.
“The Kd values differ by a factor of ~3 for PFOS but are identical for PFOA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataElution-front integration isotherms for Eustis and Vinton extend to lower aqueous concentrations than batch and multi-C0 column data, but not for PFOS on sand.
“The isotherms determined from the integration method for Eustis and Vinton extend beyond the lower aqueous concentrations of the batch and multi-C0 column data, while this is not the case for PFOS with sand.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe equivalent-Kd values calculated for PFOS and PFOA using the isotherm regression reported herein for 0.1 mg/L are 0.23 L/kg and 0.13 L/kg, respectively, which are larger than the values reported by Aly et al. (2018).
“These values are smaller than the equivalent-Kd values of 0.23 L/kg and 0.13 L/kg calculated for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, using the isotherm regression reported herein for 0.1 mg/L (the concentration employed in the Aly study).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataElution-front integration isotherms generally agreed with batch isotherms but showed noise and systematic deviation at lower concentrations in some cases.
“The elution-front integration isotherms generally agreed with the batch isotherms, but exhibited noise and systematic deviation at lower concentrations in some cases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFreundlich N values for PFOS on the two soils are similar (0.75 and 0.77) and lower than for sand (0.81).
“The Freundlich N values for PFOS sorption by the two soils are similar, 0.75 and 0.77, and are smaller than the N obtained for the sand (0.81).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe N value for PFOA-sand (0.87) is larger than for PFOS-sand, though confidence intervals overlap.
“The N value for PFOA-sand (0.87) is larger than for PFOS-sand, although the 95% confidence intervals also overlap.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data95% confidence intervals for individual isotherm variables overlapped, producing statistically identical regressions.
“Specifically, the 95% confidence intervals for the individual isotherm variables overlapped, producing statistically identical regressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFreundlich N values ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 for PFOS and were 0.87 for PFOA.
“Freundlich N values ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 for PFOS and was 0.87 for PFOA”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAly et al. (2019) reported batch and column Kd data for six PFAS on a soil but did not compare them.
“Aly et al. (2019) reported Kd data measured with both batch and column experiments for the sorption of 6 PFAS by a soil, but did not compare the two sets of data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2019)
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGuelfo et al. (2020) found batch-derived equilibrium parameters predicted column transport well in some cases and poorly in others, concluding they sometimes did not represent transport well.
“They observed good predictions in some cases and poorer predictions in others, concluding that the batch-derived equilibrium parameters did not provide good representation of transport in some instances.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guelfo et al. (2020)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOver the past 15 years, nearly 100 studies examined PFAS sorption by geomedia and geomedia constituents; most used batch methods, while very few used column methods.
“Over the past 15 years, close to 100 studies have investigated the sorption of PFAS by geomedia and specific constituents of geomedia. Of these, the vast majority have used batch methods to quantify sorption, with only a very few employing column methods”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe consistency among R values from different methods indicates the BTCs are self-consistent, robust, and sufficiently resolved to characterize sorption.
“The excellent consistency among the Rs obtained with the different methods indicates that the BTCs are self-consistent, robust, and of sufficient resolution to characterize sorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior PFAS column-batch comparison studies used only one influent concentration, limiting comparisons and leaving unclear whether results would differ with different input concentrations.
“The column experiments in all of the prior comparison studies cited above employed only one influent concentration. Thus, the comparisons between column and batch measurements were limited, and it is not clear if the comparisons would differ for column experiments conducted with different input concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMany studies across diverse solutes, media, and analysis methods found column and batch methods consistent.
“Consistency between the two methods has been observed in a number of investigations spanning a wide range of solutes, porous media, and data-analysis methods”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningAssuming PFOS and PFOA are recalcitrant, the recovery variability is presumed due to analytical uncertainty.
“Assuming that PFOS and PFOA are recalcitrant, the recovery variability is presumed to be due to analytical uncertainty.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: PFOS and PFOA are recalcitrant.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTriplicate experiments were conducted for PFOS transport in sand at C0 = 1 and 10 mg/L and in Vinton at C0 = 10 mg/L.
“Triplicate experiments were conducted for PFOS transport in the sand for C0 = 1 and 10 mg/L and for Vinton for C0 = 10 mg/L (see Table S2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe experimental and analysis methods are robust.
“This in turn indicates that the experimental and analysis methods are robust.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe robustness check is routinely used for the authors' column experiments.
“This robustness check is routinely used for our column experiments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior studies observed good agreement between adsorption isotherms from elution-front integration and batch experiments, and between elution-front integration and multi-C0 column experiments, when equilibrium sorption conditions were ensured.
“Prior studies have observed good agreement between adsorption isotherms determined from elution-front integration and batch experiments (Burgisser et al., 1993) and from elution-front integration and multi-C0 column experiments (Fesch et al., 1998; Metzelder et al., 2018) when equilibrium sorption conditions were ensured.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThis robustness is consistent with prior theoretical and experimental studies.
“This is consistent with prior theoretical and experimental studies (e.g. Glueckauf, 1955; Kucera, 1965; Buffham, 1973, 1984; Villermaux, 1974; Valocchi, 1985; Brusseau, 1992; Brusseau et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataThe N values indicate a relatively moderate degree of nonlinearity.
“The magnitude of the N values indicates a relatively moderate degree of nonlinearity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningWhether batch or column methods yield consistent or representative results will be dependent upon the use of appropriate experimental conditions.
“This will be dependent upon the use of appropriate experimental conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe smaller Kd values reported by Aly et al. (2018) compared to this study reflect the nonlinearity determined in the present study as well as differences in the properties of the quartz sands, wherein the sand used in this study has a greater organic carbon content than the sand used by Aly et al.
“The smaller Kd values reported by Aly et al. (2018) compared to this study reflect the nonlinearity determined in the present study as well as differences in the properties of the quartz sands, wherein the sand used in this study has a greater organic carbon content than the sand used by Aly et al.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Aly et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBrusseau et al. (2019a) hypothesized that metal oxides contributed significantly to PFOS sorption on Vinton, which has more than three times the metal oxide content of Eustis.
“Brusseau et al. (2019a) hypothesized that metal oxides contributed significantly to PFOS sorption for Vinton, which has more than 3 times the metal oxide content of Eustis soil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al. (2019a)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenColumn experiments offer significant advantages, as they are implemented under dynamic conditions representative of transport, avoid soil abrasion that may occur during mixing during batch experiments, and involve higher soil to solution ratios that are representative of those in the subsurface environment.
“Column experiments offer significant advantages, as they are implemented under dynamic conditions representative of transport, avoid soil abrasion that may occur during mixing during batch experiments, and involve higher soil to solution ratios that are representative of those in the subsurface environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtended elution tailing for PFOS transport in Eustis and Vinton soils was observed previously and determined mainly due to rate-limited sorption/desorption.
“Extended elution tailing was observed for PFOS transport in Eustis and Vinton soils in a previous study, which was determined to be the result primarily of rate-limited sorption/desorption (Brusseau et al., 2019a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brusseau et al., 2019a
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe soils and sediments used in the cited studies have organic carbon contents ranging from approximately 0.5% to 10%, which are significantly larger than the OC contents of the geomedia used in this study.
“The soils and sediments used in the cited studies have organic carbon (OC) contents ranging from approximately 0.5% to 10%, which are significantly larger than the OC contents of the geomedia used in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe excellent consistency between the two methods observed in this study does not necessarily mean that batch or column methods will always yield consistent or representative results.
“The excellent consistency between the two methods observed in this study does not necessarily mean that batch or column methods will always yield consistent or representative results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
PFOS and PFOA are recalcitrant.
“Assuming that PFOS and PFOA are recalcitrant, the recovery variability is presumed to be due to analytical uncertainty.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The elution-integration method assumes nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the only significant process affecting solute transport and tailing.
“The elution-integration method is based on the premise that nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the sole significant process influencing solute transport and tailing.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The elution-front integration method assumes that nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the sole significant process influencing transport.
“Additionally, this method is based on the assumption that nonlinear equilibrium sorption is the sole significant process influencing transport.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reported Freundlich N values for PFCA sorption by soils and sediments usually fall between 0.7 and 1, indicating moderate nonlinearity.
“Freundlich N values reported for sorption of PFCAs by soils and sediments are typically in the range of 0.7–1 (see recent compilation reported in Van Glubt et al., 2021), thereby exhibiting relatively moderate nonlinearity.”
From PFAS concentrations in soil versus soil porewater: Mass distributions and the impact of adsorption at air-water interfaces (2022) · cites this paper as Van Glubt et al., 2021
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“This concentration was also selected to be consistent with our prior single-solute PFOS transport studies (Brusseau et al., 2019a, 2019b; Van Glubt et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021).”
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BackgroundInfluentialThe Co-Transport of PFAS and Cr(VI) in porous media
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- Authors
- Van Glubt, S., Brusseau, M. L., Yan, N., Huang, D., Khan, N., & Carroll, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- New Mexico State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brusseau, Mark L.
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- Pt B
- Pages
- 115917
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7746577
- OpenAlex
- W3093977941
- Semantic Scholar
- 3adfc8e5d91c6007d234a82964d5e705e6004092
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M662448)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (42 ES 4940)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41907161)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFAS sorption, column experiments, batch experiments, sorption isotherms, sorption coefficient, breakthrough curves, Freundlich isotherm, porous media, geochemical heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Caprylates, Fluorocarbons, Soil, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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