Quantitative determination of fluorotelomer sulfonates in groundwater by LC MS/MS
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) are complex mixtures containing fluorocarbon- and hydrocarbon-based surfactants that are used to fight hydrocarbon-fueled fires. The military is the largest consumer of AFFF in the United States, and fire-training activities conducted at military bases have led to groundwater contamination by unspent fuels and AFFF chemicals. A direct-injection, liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) method was developed to quantify a suite of fluorotelomer sulfonate surfactants in groundwater collected from military bases where fire-training activities were conducted. The 4:2, 6:2, and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates were detected and quantified in groundwater from two of the three military bases. The total fluorotelomer sulfonate concentrations observed at Wurtsmith AFB, MI, and Tyndall AFB, FL, ranged respectively from below quantitation (< or = 0.60) to 182 microg/L and from 1100 to 14,600 microg/L. Analyses of a fluorotelomer-based AFFF concentrate by negative ion fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry and LC MS/MS analyses indicate that the AFFF concentrate contains only a small amount of fluorotelomer sulfonates and that fluoroalkylthioamido sulfonates are the main anionic fluorosurfactant in the mixtures. More research is needed to determine the fate of fluoroalkylthioamido sulfonates in the environment.
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Initial concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L were chosen to represent elevated levels typical at PFAS source sites such as fire-training areas and manufacturing facilities.
“These concentrations were selected to be representative of the elevated levels typically observed for soils and groundwater at PFAS sources sites such as fire-training areas and manufacturing facilities (Schultz et al., 2004; Brusseau et al. 2020).”
From Column versus batch methods for measuring PFOS and PFOA sorption to geomedia (2021) · cites this paper as Schultz et al., 2004
6:2 FTS has been employed in aqueous film-forming firefighting foam (AFFF) in mixtures with fluoroalkylthioamido sulfonates.
“6:2 FTS has been employed in aqueous film-forming firefighting foam (AFFF) in mixtures with fluoroalkylthioamido sulfonates [56], used as a PFOS replacement in metal plating applications [57] and is a transformation intermediate in the degradation of more complex fluorotelomer-based compounds [4].”
From An investigation into per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in nineteen Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Schultz, M. M., Barofsky, D. F., & Field, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Field, Jennifer A.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-02-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1828-1835
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2067287961
- Semantic Scholar
- 53d890af0ea89834be554f0b6ff22bea4293c383
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Oregon State University
- National Institutes of Health (5p30es000210-46)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (#P30-ES00210)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- fluorotelomer sulfonates, aqueous film-forming foam, groundwater contamination, military installations, fire training, fluorosurfactants, Tyndall Air Force Base
- MeSH terms
- Alkanesulfonates, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Mass Spectrometry, Surface-Active Agents
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