Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change
Open accessAbstract
Migration is one response to climatic stress and shocks. In this article we review the recent literature across various disciplines on the effects of climate change on migration. We explore key features of the relationship between climate change and migration, distinguishing between fast-onset and slow-onset climatic events and examining the causes of heterogeneity in migratory responses to climate events. We also seek to shed light on the interactions between different types of adaptations to climate events as well as the mechanisms underlying the relationship between climate change and migration. Based on our review of the existing literature, we identify gaps in the literature and present some general policy recommendations and priorities for research on climate-induced migration.
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The majority of quantitative empirical studies agree that climatic conditions are important for migration, but their results vary substantially, making it difficult to establish when and under which conditions climate migration occurs.
“While the majority of studies agree that climatic conditions are important for migration, their results vary substantially, making it difficult to establish when and under which conditions climate migration occurs (Cattaneo et al., 2019;Hunter et al., 2015;Obokata et al., 2014;Piguet, 2010;Warner and Afifi, 2014).”
From Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature (2021) · cites this paper as Cattaneo et al., 2019
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the climate–migration relationship remains incompletely understood and depends on context; the Conclusions (page unavailable) describe varied migration outcomes and climatic factors as generally one factor in migration decisions. These passages support the claim about substantial variation and difficulty identifying the conditions for climate migration, but they do not establish that a majority of quantitative empirical studies agree climatic conditions are important. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe growing consensus among researchers is that climatic events indeed affect human migration.
“The growing consensus among researchers is that climatic events indeed affect human migration, yet the prevailing questions are under which circumstances, how and why (Cattaneo et al., 2019).”
From Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature (2021) · cites this paper as Cattaneo et al., 2019
Macro studies capture migration at a more aggregated level, typically considering migration rates or counts between regions or countries, and this approach comes with limitations important for interpretation of results.
“Abstracting from the micro level, macro studies capture migration at a more aggregated level, typically considering migration rates or counts between regions or countries.Also this approach comes with certain limitations that are important for the interpretation of the results (Cattaneo et al., 2019).”
From Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature (2021) · cites this paper as Cattaneo et al., 2019
The Slow Onset Events section mentions an interprovincial migration study, and Migration Projections cautions against treating future migration estimates as accurate predictions. Neither passage characterizes macro studies as using aggregated migration rates or counts between regions or countries, or discusses limitations of that approach. Searches for macro-level studies, aggregated data, migration rates and methodological limitations found no passage addressing the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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Mustafa, S., Newport, D., & Rigg, C. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103726 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Environmental shocks and migration among a climate-vulnerable population in Bangladesh
Freihardt, J. (2025) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-025-00478-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“These expectations have been confirmed empirically in various contexts (Cattaneo et al., 2019; McLeman & Gemenne, 2018).”
Confronting climate change: Adaptation vs. migration in Small Island Developing States
Cassin, L., Melindi-Ghidi, P., & Prieur, F. (2022) · Resource and Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101301 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cattaneo, C., Beine, M., Fröhlich, C. J., Kniveton, D., Martinez-Zarzoso, I., Mastrorillo, M., Millock, K., Piguet, E., & Schraven, B.
- Affiliations
- RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (IT)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- German Institute for Global and Area Studies (DE)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- German Institute of Development and Sustainability (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cattaneo, Cristina
- Beine, Michel
- Fröhlich, Christiane J.
- Kniveton, Dominic
- Mastrorillo, Marina
- Millock, Katrin
- Schraven, Benjamin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-206
- ISSN
- 1750-6816 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-6824
- OpenAlex
- W2953584228
- Semantic Scholar
- f7d294047f81c40fbd152e313d06626b1ed43f33
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 75.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- sro.sussex.ac.uk
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-LABX-0046)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Keywords
- climate-induced migration, climate change, climate shocks, climate change adaptation, climate migration policy
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