Cited by 375Diabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinology consensus statement: comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2023 update

Samson, Susan L., Vellanki, Priyathama, Blonde, Lawrence, Christofides, Elena A., Galindo, Rodolfo J., Hirsch, Irl B., Isaacs, Scott D., Izuora, Kenneth E., Low Wang, Cecilia C., Twining, Christine L., Umpierrez, Guillermo E., Valencia, Willy Marcos·2023·Endocrine Practice

DOI 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.02.001

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE This consensus statement provides (1) visual guidance in concise graphic algorithms to assist with clinical decision-making of health care professionals in the management of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve patient care and (2) a summary of details to support the visual guidance found in each algorithm. METHODS The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) selected a task force of medical experts who updated the 2020 AACE Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm based on the 2022 AACE Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan and consensus of task force authors. RESULTS This algorithm for management of persons with type 2 diabetes includes 11 distinct sections: (1) Principles for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes; (2) Complications-Centric Model for the Care of Persons with Overweight/Obesity; (3) Prediabetes Algorithm; (4) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Algorithm: Dyslipidemia; (5) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Algorithm: Hypertension; (6) Complications-Centric Algorithm for Glycemic Control; (7) Glucose-Centric Algorithm for Glycemic Control; (8) Algorithm for Adding/Intensifying Insulin; (9) Profiles of Antihyperglycemic Medications; (10) Profiles of Weight-Loss Medications (new); and (11) Vaccine Recommendations for Persons with Diabetes Mellitus (new), which summarizes recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CONCLUSIONS Aligning with the 2022 AACE diabetes guideline update, this 2023 diabetes algorithm update emphasizes lifestyle modification and treatment of overweight/obesity as key pillars in the management of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus and highlights the importance of appropriate management of atherosclerotic risk factors of dyslipidemia and hypertension. One notable new theme is an emphasis on a complication-centric approach, beyond glucose levels, to frame decisions regarding first-line pharmacologic choices for the treatment of persons with diabetes. The algorithm also includes access/cost of medications as factors related to health equity to consider in clinical decision-making.

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Lizarzaburu-Robles, J. C., Herman, W. H., Garro-Mendiola, A., Sanz-Pastor, A. G., & Lorenzo, Ó. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12020363 · Cited by 17
“The MetS, using the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III criteria, with the several risk factors described, is considered a prediabetes equivalent by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology [58].”
Key results from observational studies and real‐world evidence of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor effectiveness and safety in reducing cardio‐renal risk
Nyström, T. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15696 · Cited by 18
Effectiveness of Digital Diabetes Management Technology on Blood Glucose in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at Home: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xiao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Xie, N., Chen, F., Song, Z., & Zhao, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/66441 · Cited by 21
“International scholars universally agree on the importance of home management for individuals with T2DM [9].”
Optimization of guideline-directed medical therapies in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Neumiller, J. J., Alicic, R. Z., & Tuttle, K. R. (2023) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfad285 · Cited by 16
Underuse of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the management of type 2 diabetes despite a favorable benefit-safety profile
Scheen, A. J. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2024.2354885 · Cited by 16
Pharmacological therapies for type 2 diabetes: future approaches
Bailey, C. J. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06581-6 · Cited by 19
“Accordingly, several analogues (once daily and once weekly subcutaneously injected and once daily oral) with potent GLP-1RA effects are well established within treatment algorithms [2–4 , 7].”
Influential
Large Language Model GPT-4 Compared to Endocrinologist Responses on Initial Choice of Glucose-Lowering Medication Under Conditions of Clinical Uncertainty
Flory, J., Ancker, J. S., Kim, S. Y. H., Kuperman, G. J., Petrov, A., & Vickers, A. J. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-1067 · Cited by 18
Role of anti-diabetic medications in the management of MASLD
Isaacs, S. D., Farrelly, F. V., & Brennan, P. (2025) · Frontline Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/flgastro-2024-102856 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Distinct Roles of Common Genetic Variants and Their Contributions to Diabetes: MODY and Uncontrolled T2DM
Bazzazzadehgan, S., Shariat‐Madar, Z., & Mahdi, F. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030414 · Cited by 19
“[13].”
Influential
Glycemic Targets and Prevention of Complications
Tsushima, Y., & Galloway, N. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae776 · Cited by 15
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Complications
Uribarri, J., & Tuttle, K. R. (2025) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000859 · Cited by 15
Are we ready for an adipocentric approach in people living with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?
Moreno, Ó., Reyes‐García, R., Pardo, I. M., López-Martínez, M., & Soler, M. J. (2024) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfae039 · Cited by 15
Tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes
Anderson, S. L., & Marrs, J. C. (2023) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.2023-6-1 · Cited by 13
Diabetes Technology in People with Type 2 Diabetes: Novel Indications
Agarwal, S., Galindo, R. J., Shah, A. V., & Abreu, M. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-024-01536-4 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Narrative review of data supporting alternate first-line therapies over metformin in type 2 diabetes
Andraos, J., Smith, S. R., Tran, A., & Pham, D. Q. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-024-01406-6 · Cited by 18
“The AACE guideline of 2023 has included therapy options of either a GLP-1 RA or pio - glitazone for patients who have experienced strokes or tran - sient ischemic attacks, and continues to recommend mono, dual, or triple therapy based on HbA1c laboratory values [ 4, 9].”
Method
Antidiabetic Treatment and Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review
Prentza, V., Pavlidis, G., Ikonomidis, I., Pililis, S., Lampsas, S., Kountouri, A., Pliouta, L., Korakas, E., Thymis, J., Palaiodimou, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195786 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology recommends the use of GLP-1RA (semaglutide or dulaglutide) or pioglitazone independent of glycemic control or other antihyperglycemic medications in patients with type 2 DM and stroke or TIA [64].”
Background
Current Insights, Advantages and Challenges of Small Molecule Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Scoping Review
Ceron, E. L., Reddy, S. D., Kattamuri, L. P. V., Muvva, D. M., Chozet, L. E., & Bright, T. M. (2025) · Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine · doi:10.56305/001c.132255 · Cited by 12
Comparative safety and cardiovascular effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in nursing homes
Riester, M. R., Zullo, A. R., Joshi, R., Daiello, L. A., Hayes, K. N., Ko, D., Kim, D. H., Munshi, M. N., & Berry, S. D. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15682 · Cited by 12
Multireceptor Analysis for Evaluating the Antidiabetic Efficacy of Karanjin: A Computational Approach
Nag, S., Stany, B. K., Mishra, S., Kumar, S., Mohanto, S., Ahmed, M. G., Mathew, B., & Subramaniyan, V. (2024) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.509 · Cited by 12
“Patient adherence and individualised dosing regimens are crucial for optimising its effectiveness in managing T2DM [37, 38].”
Background
Pulmonary outcomes of incretin-based therapies in COPD patients receiving single-inhaler triple therapy
See, X. Y., Xanthavanij, N., Lee, Y.-C., Ong, T. E., Wang, T. H., Ahmed, O., Chang, Y., Peng, C.-Y., Chi, K.-Y., Chang, Y., et al. (2024) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00803-2024 · Cited by 12
Metformin-mediated protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
Sun, M., Dong, J.-M., Liu, C., Li, P., Zhang, C., Zhen, J., & Chen, W. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117535 · Cited by 12
Adipocentric Strategy for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Martínez, J. J. G. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030678 · Cited by 12
Large Language Models in Diabetes Management: The Need for Human and Artificial Intelligence Collaboration
Pavon, J. M., Schlientz, D., Maciejewski, M. L., Economou-Zavlanos, N., & Lee, R. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci24-0079 · Cited by 15
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Glycemic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kamrul-Hasan, A. B. M., Talukder, S. K., Nagendra, L., Alam, M. S., Aalpona, F. T. Z., Dutta, D., & Selim, S. (2023) · Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/bjem.bjem_26_23 · Cited by 12
Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes by baseline body mass index: An exploratory subgroup analysis of SURPASS-AP-Combo
Ma, J., Liu, M., Wang, R., Du, L., & Ji, L. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15446 · Cited by 12
“The AACE guidelines recommend that people with T2D maintain or achieve optimal weight to mitigate the risks conferred by excess weight, 20 whereas the Chinese national guidelines provide specific targets such as a BMI lower than 24 kg/m 2 (the cutoff for overweight in the Chinese population).”
Background
A narrative review of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists prior to deep sedation or general anesthesia
Vetrugno, L., Deana, C., Porto, A. D., Boero, E., Bellini, V., Biasucci, D. G., & Bignami, E. G. (2025) · Journal of Anesthesia Analgesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s44158-025-00237-y · Cited by 12
“Semaglu-tide has been shown to decrease albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic kidney disease [62].”
Updates from the 2025 American Diabetes Association guidelines on standards of medical care in diabetes
Tiwari, D., Loh, W. J., & Aw, T. C. (2025) · Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.37349/eemd.2025.101428 · Cited by 16
Metformin-Based Combination Approaches for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Sirhan, Z., Nada, A. A., Anabtawi, N., Thyagarajan‐Sahu, A., & Sahu, R. P. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17050558 · Cited by 11
“Metformin and Its Mechanisms However, their effectiveness in the long term is often compromised due to the development of tumor resistance and associated side effects [44,45].”
Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Add‐On in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and Dapagliflozin: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Khan, U., Majeed, Z., Khan, M. H., Elsnhory, A. B., Amin, A. M., Nawaz, A., Raza, A., Siddque, H. M. W., Turkmani, M. M., & Abuelazm, M. T. (2025) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70061 · Cited by 11
Bridging the gap in cardiovascular care in diabetic patients: are cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents underutilized?
Scheen, A. J. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2279193 · Cited by 11
“Thus, endocrinologists [10,76] and primary care physicians [69, 77] should be aware of this crucial change and thus implement strategies leading to appropriate prescription of antihyperglycemic agents with cardioprotective properties for the management of patients with T2DM and high CV risk.”
BackgroundResult
Associations between long-term metformin use, the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, and neuropathy: An All of Us research Program study
Sepassi, A., Wang, J., Yankowski, S., Enkoji, A., Okenwa, M., Morello, C. M., & Hurley‐Kim, K. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112424 · Cited by 12
Tirzepatide in Hispanic/Latino Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Subgroup Analysis of the SURPASS Program
Frías, J. P., Galindo, R. J., Wang, H., Malik, R., Chivukula, K. K., & Maldonado, J. M. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad495 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants
Li, Q., Deng, X., Xu, Y., & Dong, L. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412 · Cited by 10
Safety and Effectiveness of Concomitant iGlarLixi and SGLT-2i Use in People with T2D During Ramadan Fasting: A SoliRam Study Sub-analysis
Hassanein, M. M., Malek, R., Sifri, S. A., Sahay, R. K., Büyükbeşe, M. A., Djaballah, K., Melas‐Melt, L., & Shaltout, I. (2024) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01642-2 · Cited by 10
Kidney Outcomes with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, and Sulfonylureas in Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Cardiovascular Risk
Neumiller, J. J., Herrin, J. S., SWARNA, K. S., Polley, E. C., Galindo, R. J., Umpierrez, G. E., Deng, Y., Ross, J. S., Mickelson, M. M., & McCoy, R. G. (2024) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000587 · Cited by 10
“…of cardiorenal bene ﬁ t to improve outcomes in patients with T2D at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and/or with established CKD. 1,2,8,9 Currently, agents with evidence of cardiorenal bene ﬁ t ( e.g ., sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors [SGLT2is], glucagon-like peptide-1…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Postprandial Glucose: A Variable in Continuum
Joshi, S., Kesavadev, J., M., P. K. K., Saboo, B., Mehta, A., Bhattacharyya, A., Sosale, A., Jabbar, P. K., Santosh, R., Deshmukh, V. C., et al. (2025) · Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/11795514251370507 · Cited by 11
“40,49 50-52 Usually, optimal timing considered for measuring PPG levels to assess glucose excursions is 2 hours after a meal.”
Incretin Therapies for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Alicic, R. Z., & Neumiller, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010201 · Cited by 14
“GLP-1 receptor agonists are universally recommended as an option in T2D to reduce HbA1c and to assist with achieving and maintaining individualized weight management goals [23,25–27 , 29].”
Background
Expert Opinion on Optimising Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Using Fixed-Ratio Combination of Basal Insulin and GLP-1 RA for Treatment Intensification and Simplification
Haluzı́k, M., Taybani, Z. J., Araszkiewicz, A., Cerghizan, A., Mankovsky, B., Zuhdi, A., & Malecki, M. T. (2024) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01610-w · Cited by 10
Stroke in the Patient With Type 2 Diabetes
Jerkins, T. W., & Bell, D. S. H. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.01.010 · Cited by 11
FRONTIER : FReeStyle Libre system use in Ontario among people with diabetes in the IC / ES database—Evidence from real‐world practice: Patients on basal insulin, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist or oral therapies
Ratzki‐Leewing, A. A., Harris, S. B., RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., & Poon, Y. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16266 · Cited by 9
“…Guidelines in the United States recommend the use of sensor-based glucose monitoring devices for all people living with T2DM who are using insulin, 16,20,21 and the most recent Americal Diabetes Association guidelines suggested that sensor-based glucose monitoring should also be considered for…”
GLP-1 Receptor Analogs: Evidence Linking to Effect on Metabolic and Reproductive Functions in Patients with PCOS and Obesity
Çelik, Ö., Yazıcı, D., Ciudin, A., Macut, D., Micić, D., Yumuk, V., & Yıldız, B. O. (2025) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000547055 · Cited by 13
“GLP-1 RAs are indicated as a first-line treatment for patients with type 2 DM, with known CVD or risk factors for CVD [29, 30].”
Suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone levels after initiation of a subcutaneous glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in a post-thyroidectomy patient managed with levothyroxine case report
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Trends and regional differences in antidiabetic medication use: a nationwide retrospective observational study
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“Currently, GLP1As and SGLT2Is are preferred agents in cases of established/high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease [4, 22].”
Background
Advances and counterpoints in type 2 diabetes. What is ready for translation into real-world practice, ahead of the guidelines
Schwartz, S. S., Corkey, B. E., Gavin, J. R., DeFronzo, R. A., & Herman, M. E. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03518-5 · Cited by 8
The association between blood glucose levels and lipids in the general adult population: results from NHANES (2005–2016)
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Authors: Samson, S. L., Vellanki, P., Blonde, L., Christofides, E. A., Galindo, R. J., Hirsch, I. B., Isaacs, S. D., Izuora, K. E., Low Wang, C. C., Twining, C. L., Umpierrez, G. E., & Valencia, W. M.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Grady Memorial Hospital (US)
Ochsner Health System (US)
Indiana University Columbus (US)
University of Miami (US)
University of Washington (US)
Emory University (US)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
Maine Medical Center (US)
Cleveland Clinic (US)
ORCID: Samson, Susan L.
Vellanki, Priyathama
Blonde, Lawrence
Christofides, Elena A.
Galindo, Rodolfo J.
Hirsch, Irl B.
Isaacs, Scott D.
Izuora, Kenneth E.
Umpierrez, Guillermo E.
Valencia, Willy Marcos
Venue: Endocrine Practice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2023-05
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Pages: 305-340
ISSN: 1530-891X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.02.001
OpenAlex: W4372214811
Semantic Scholar: 066a5bccabf1b093084ed77c43509daa1c94c321
Cited by: 375
References: 181
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 38
FWCI: 76.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2023-12-01)
erratum (2023-09-01)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Endocrine Practice (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK123384)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, glycemic control, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin intensification, antihyperglycemic medications, anti-obesity drugs, obesity, lifestyle modification, health equity
MeSH terms: Endocrinologists, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endocrinology, Glucose, Humans, Hypertension, Obesity, Prediabetic State, United States, Dyslipidemias, Overweight

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinology consensus statement: comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2023 update

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