Age-dependent and gender-specific changes in mouse tissue iron by strain
Open accessAbstract
Iron is necessary for life but also a potent pro-oxidant implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. We sought to determine if iron levels change with age and by sex in various tissues from several commonly studied mouse strains. Brain, liver, heart, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid were dissected from male and female mice of young adult (2-6 month old) and aged (16-19 month old) C57BL/6, DBA/2J, and BALB/c mice. Iron was quantified through a chromagen-based spectrophotometric method or through atomic absorption spectrophotometry for increased sensitivity. Brain, liver, and heart iron increased by 30-70% in aged vs. young adult groups of all strains, while retina and RPE/choroid iron had variable age-related changes. Significant gender differences were observed in BALB/c and DBA/2J strains. Males had as much as 2- to 3-fold more brain, RPE/choroid, and retinal iron, while females had as much as 2- to 3-fold more liver iron. There was no significant gender difference observed in heart iron. The different profiles of change between gender and among strains suggest that hormones and genetics influence iron regulation with aging. Future manipulation of iron levels in mice will test the role of iron in aging and disease, and the data reported herein will be essential in directing such manipulations.
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Age-dependent accumulation of iron in various tissues occurs separately to the enrichment of senescent cells.
“Age-dependent accumulation of iron in various tissues has been reported to occur separately to the enrichment of senescent cells [11], [12], [16], [17], [18], [19].”
From Iron accumulation in senescent cells is coupled with impaired ferritinophagy and inhibition of ferroptosis (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
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BackgroundAn iron rheostat controls hematopoietic stem cell fate
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Ugarte, M., Grime, G. W., Lord, G., Geraki, K., Collingwood, J. F., Finnegan, M. E., Farnfield, H., Merchant, M. J., Bailey, M. J., Ward, N. I., et al. (2012) · Metallomics · doi:10.1039/c2mt20157g · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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“Tissue iron accumulation in senescent animals and humans seems to be a result of an increase in inflammatory processes during the aging [12,17,18,47,48].”
BackgroundBrain iron acquisition: An overview of homeostatic regulation and disease dysregulation
Baringer, S. L., Simpson, I. A., & Connor, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15819 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“These observations would lead one to assume that females have higher brain iron content; however, numerous studies have shown that there is no difference in total brain iron content between males and females (Hahn et al., 2009; Uchino et al., 1990).”
BackgroundDjordjevich, D. M., Luka, S. R. D., Milovanovich, I. D., Janković, S., Stefanović, S. M., Vesković-Moračanin, S. M., Cirkovic, S. T., Ilić, A. Ž., Ristić‐Djurović, J. L., & Trbovich, A. M. (2012) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.025 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Association Between Serum Ferritin and Glaucoma in the South Korean Population
Lin, S.-C., Wang, S. Y., Yoo, C., Singh, K., & Lin, S. C. (2014) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.2876 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Role of Iron in Aging Related Diseases
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“66 μg/g [40] Hemojuvelin-hemochromatosis 6070 ± 411.”
Mandala, A., Armstrong, A. T., Girresch, B., Zhu, J., Chilakala, A., Chavalmane, S., Chaudhary, K., Biswas, P., Ogilvie, J. M., & Gnana‐Prakasam, J. P. (2020) · npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1038/s41514-020-00050-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“These uptake data may account for reports of a higher volume of total brain iron in males (Hahn et al. 2009) compared to females, with the caveat that our differences were only seen in the mutant mice.”
BackgroundImplications of altered iron homeostasis for age-related macular degeneration
Błasiak, J. (2010) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3804 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the vulnerability of aging human photoreceptor cells
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Signaling Integration of Hydrogen Sulfide and Iron on Cellular Functions
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Aging affects sex- and organ-specific trace element profiles in mice
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Tissue-Specific Sex Difference in Mouse Eye and Brain Metabolome Under Fed and Fasted States
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RETRACTED: Characterising the spatial and temporal brain metal profile in a mouse model of tauopathy
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Impact of epidermal desquamation on tissue stores of iron.
Milstone, L. M., Hu, R.-H., Dziura, J. D., & Zhou, J. (2012) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.04.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Comparisons were performed within males and females because of the known influence of sex on tissue iron stores [22].”
BackgroundThe interplay between cell death and senescence in cancer
Shimizu, K., Inuzuka, H., & Tokunaga, F. (2024) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.11.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Iron uptake at the blood-brain barrier is influenced by sex and genotype
Wade, Q. W., Chiou, B., & Connor, J. R. (2019) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.02.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Iron-induced cytotoxicity mediated by endolysosomal TRPML1 channels is reverted by TFEB
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“The gastrocnemius muscle tissue was removed, and rinsed with PBS, weighed (wet weight), and stored at –80°C([21]).”
MethodBaringer, S. L., Neely, E. B., Palsa, K., Simpson, I. A., & Connor, J. R. (2022) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-022-00345-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The differences in baseline uptake would suggest differences in iron levels in the brain but studies have shown there is little to no difference in total brain iron levels between males and females [40, 41].”
BackgroundHow aging influences the gut-bone marrow axis and alters hematopoietic stem cell regulation
Wells, C., Robertson, T., Sheth, P. M., & Abraham, S. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32831 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Varying iron levels initiate tissue-specific alterations with age, for example, in older individuals, the brain has been documented to possess increased iron levels [89,90].”
BackgroundWalker, L. A., & Sullivan, D. J. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02499-16 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“As male and female BALB/c mice display differences in tissue iron levels, female mice were used for consistency throughout all the experiments (55).”
MethodDistinct iron homeostasis in C57BL/6 and Balb/c mouse strains
Saha, P., Xiao, X., Li, Y., Golonka, R. M., Abokor, A. A., Yeoh, B. S., & Vijay–Kumar, M. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“We noted two previous studies from Cavey et al. (Cavey et al., 2015) and Hahn et al. (Hahn et al., 2009) that describe an intriguing association between iron homeostasis with the Th1/Th2 and F I G U R E 4 Balb/c mice have more LIP in macrophages, neutrophils and colonocytes.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShahandeh, A., Bui, B. V., Finkelstein, D. I., & Nguyen, C. T. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.794809 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shin, J. A., Kim, H.-S., Kang, J. L., & Park, E. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.08.010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Combination of the biomarkers for aging and cancer? - Challenges and current status
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Rôles biologiques des éléments traces dans le cerveau – exemples du Zn et du Fe
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Ndfip2 is a potential regulator of the iron transporter DMT1 in the liver
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Despite Genetic Iron Overload, Hfe‐Hemochromatosis Mice Do Not Show Bone Loss
Wagner, A., Alan, B., Yilmaz, D., Ahmad, M., Liu, P., Tangudu, N. K., Tuckermann, J. P., & Spasić, M. V. (2019) · JBMR Plus · doi:10.1002/jbm4.10206 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“gender differences in C57BL6 mice in the liver, brain, heart and retina (25).”
BackgroundKumar, P., Nag, T. C., Jha, K. A., Dey, S. K., Kathpalia, P., Maurya, M., Gupta, C. L., Bhatia, J., Roy, T. S., & Wadhwa, S. (2017) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2017.10.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chan, L. S. A., Gu, L. C., & Wells, R. A. (2021) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08259-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the iron status of an individual is also influenced by other factors including age, gender, cell/tissue type, and across species [10].”
BackgroundSong, Y., Zaitoun, I. S., Wang, S., Darjatmoko, S. R., Sorenson, C. M., & Sheibani, N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032420 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Iron Chelators and Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trials
Mandal, P. K., Maroon, J. C., Samkaria, A., Arora, Y., Sharma, S., & Pandey, A. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240605 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Milanese, C., Gabriels, S., Barnhoorn, S., Cerri, S., Ulusoy, A., Gornati, S. V., Wallace, D. F., Blandini, F., Monte, D. A. D., Subramaniam, V. N., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-020-00698-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Bhatnagar, R. S., Miller, D. D., Padilla‐Zakour, O. I., & Lei, X. G. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082239 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It is possible that such gender-related differences could be due to hormonal mechanisms [42].”
BackgroundMonteiro, S., Caurant, F., López, A., Cedeira, J. M., Ferreira, M., Vingada, J. V., Eira, C., & Méndez‐Fernandez, P. (2016) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps11965 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Forgotten partners and function regulators of inducible metallothioneins
Pavić, M., Turčić, P., & Ljubojević, M. (2019) · Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology · doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3317 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“(50) in mouse liver and is most likely responsible for the above mentioned discrepancies reported in the relevant literature.”
BackgroundAnwar, M., Mallick, S., Paliwal, D., Shekhar, S., Panda, S. K., Dey, S., & Dey, A. B. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111358 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“Several factors including age, gender and strain have been shown to influence iron parameters as well as the expression of hepcidin and other iron regulatory genes (Ahluwalia et al., 2000; Courselaud et al., 2004; Krijt et al., 2004; Weizer-Stern et al., 2006; Hahn et al., 2009; McLachlan et al., 2017).”
BackgroundVolk, K. M., Rodriguez, A. S., Cartailler, J., Shrestha, S., Schleh, M. W., Schroeder, K. R., Valenti, A. M., Kramer, A. T., Harrison, F. E., & Hasty, A. H. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03238-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In mice, males have higher brain iron levels than females [129], and adult male and female mice differentially alter brain iron stores in iron-deficient conditions [130].”
BackgroundSuryana, E., Rowlands, B. D., Bishop, D., Finkelstein, D. I., & Double, K. L. (2024) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.01.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Hahn et al reported a 32.5% increase in whole brain Fe levels between mice aged ≤ 6 and ≥ 16 month in C57BL/6 sub-strains using a chromogen-based spectrophotometric method (Hahn et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluentialBerkowitz, B. A., Podolsky, R. H., Childers, K. L., Roberts, R., Schneider, M., Graffice, E., Sinan, K., Berri, A. M., & Harp, L. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.6.24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Friese, S., Ranzini, G., Tuchtenhagen, M., Lossow, K., Hertel, B., Pohl, G., Ebert, F., Bornhorst, J., Kipp, A. P., & Schwerdtle, T. (2024) · Metallomics · doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfae003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“34 –36 Another study analysed TE concentrations during the whole life span of mice ranging from one to 104 wk of age.”
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Pirman, T., Lenardič, A., Svete, A. N., & Horvat, S. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10050357 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[47] found that various tissues in different mouse strains exhibit sexual dimorphism in terms of iron content.”
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“Increased iron levels are found in the female retina and RPE [24,25].”
Walker, L. A., Bagonza, V., Bobb, B., & Sullivan, D. J. (2024) · International Journal for Parasitology Drugs and Drug Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100577 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alterations in iron levels in the locus coeruleus of a transgenic Alzheimer’s disease rat model
Bhagaloo, K. A., Yu, L., West, E. A., Chandler, D. J., & Shcherbik, N. (2025) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Given prior reports of sex-dependent differences in AD pathology in both human and rodent models [19,20], we explored Fe and Zn concentrations in the LC separately for male and female cohorts.”
Doničová, V., Lukačínová, A., Beňačka, R., & Nistiar, F. (2019) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2019-0010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The data indicated a difference in the sensitivity to various toxic heavy metals between the sexes [11, 31, 33].”
BackgroundAre the health effects of exercise related to changes in iron metabolism?
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“Studies show that there are significant gender differences between BALB/c and DBA/2J strains [24].”
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“As male and female Balb/c mice display differences in tissue iron levels, female mice were used for consistency throughout all experiments (32).”
Effect of mouse strain and diet on feasibility of MRI‐based cell tracking in the liver
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Identification and analysis of genetic and chemical modulators of iron metabolism
Hawula, Z. J. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.225904
The Aging Brain: Impact of Iron Metal in Neurotoxicity
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“As male and female BALB/c mice display differences in tissue iron levels, female mice were used for consistency throughout all experiments (42).”
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“In mice, these two ages are frequently selected in research to investigate developmental versus mature biological phenomena and to capture age-dependent variations in experimental outcomes [21].”
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Cellular senescence is associated with age-related loss of liver zonation and hepatocyte functionPreprint
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Comparison of methods for in vivo and ex vivo quantification of iron in murine brain tumors
Veenstra, J. L., Schwartz, S. A., Speth, J. P., Geise, J. B., Grier, T., Zaugg, C. J., Jiang, Z., Riffell, J. J., Ames-Majeski, T. P., Specht, A. J., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356378
“The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. iron levels or iron filtration functions, providing low background levels of iron [31] These characteristics produce an ideal system to develop, test, and compare methods for in vivo iron quantification.”
- Authors
- Hahn, P., Song, Y., Ying, G.-S., He, X., Beard, J., & Dunaief, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hahn, Paul
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 594-600
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4552188
- OpenAlex
- W2070883646
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY015240)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- tissue iron, aging, sex differences, mouse strains, brain iron, liver iron, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, C57BL/6 mice, DBA/2J, BALB/c mice, iron regulation, oxidative stress
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Female, Iron, Male, Sex Characteristics, Spectrophotometry, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Subcutaneous Tissue, Mice
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