Age and sex-related changes in rat brain mitochondrial oxidative status
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of free radical species and the most direct target for their damaging effects, which especially affect the brain mitochondrial function, which is better maintained by females than males. The aim of this work was to investigate the age-related changes in rat brain mitochondrial oxidative status focusing on sex differences. Male and female rat brain from four different age groups (6, 12, 18 and 24 months old) were analyzed. Oxidative damage accumulates in rat brain throughout aging, related to the increasing activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and failure of several antioxidant defenses. The aging effect was less marked in females, which accumulated less oxidative damage than males due in part to their greater antioxidant capacity, such as higher GPx activity and higher UCP5 level. This sexual dimorphism gradually increased during aging.
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Mitochondria extracted from brain, liver, and cerebral arteries of female rodents displayed more efficient oxidative phosphorylation than in males.
“mitochondria extracted from brain, liver, and cerebral arteries of female rodents displayed more efficient oxidative phosphorylation than in males”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Under physiological conditions, sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species production have been reported in both human and animal studies.
“Under physiological conditions, sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species production have been reported in both human and animal studies.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
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Hu, X., Pan, K., Zhao, M., Lv, J., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Song, Y., Gudmundson, A. T., Edden, R. A. E., et al. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120632 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In line with our findings, a previous animal study reported a lower antioxidant capacity during aging in male rat brains than in female rat brains (Guevara et al., 2011).”
ResultAge-Dependent Vulnerability to Oxidative Stress of Postnatal Rat Pyramidal Motor Cortex Neurons
Carrascal, L., Gorton, E., Pardillo-Díaz, R., Pérez-García, P., Gómez‐Oliva, R., Castro, C., & Nunez‐Abades, P. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9121307 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“detected a significant age-related reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, in rat brains [57].”
BackgroundDoes dopamine deficiency affect sex-dependent prognosis in Parkinson's disease?
Jeong, S. H., Lee, H. S., Lee, P. H., Sohn, Y. H., & Chung, S. J. (2022) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.07.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jamwal, S., Blackburn, J. K., & Elsworth, J. D. (2023) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-023-00551-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, older female rats have higher UCP4 and UCP5 levels in mitochondria compared with similarly aged males [15, 16].”
BackgroundImpact of Gender and Age on Hyperthermia-Induced Changes in Respiration of Liver Mitochondria
Šilkūnienė, G., Žūkienė, R., Naučienė, Z., Degutytė-Fomins, L., & Mildažienė, V. (2018) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina54040062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Retinal Layer Thickness and Volume Measurements in Traumatic Brain Injury
Karthik, N., Patel, S. D., Justin, G. A., Stinnett, S. S., Chiu, S. J., Tagg, N. T., Agrawal, R. V., Grewal, D. S., & Fekrat, S. (2025) · Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases · doi:10.1177/24741264251367104 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“34 Past TBI studies have noted that mitochondria in female patients have reportedly more efficient oxidative phosphorylation 35 and lower oxidative stress, owing to greater expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes compared with the mitochondria of male patients.”
Sex/Gender Differences in Parkinson’s Disease
Lee, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0130-8_26 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sex Differences and Gut Microbiota Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
Lee, J., & Shin, C. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0120-1_24 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sex hormones in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration
Heidari, R., Ommati, M. M., & Retana‐Márquez, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23763-8.00061-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
park+/+ and park−/− Drosophila have sexually dimorphic brain redox chemistry
Juba, A. N., Stwalley, B., Margaryan, T., Hamel, R., Foley, A. N., Jones, T. B., Tovmasyan, A. G., & Buhlman, L. M. (2025) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.052250 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Oxidative stress is heavily implicated in PD pathophysiology, and male rodent brain mitochondria have elevated oxidative stress compared to females, regardless of age and estrous cycle status (Gaignard et al., 2015; Guevara et al., 2011).”
InfluentialTargeting Mitochondria and Redox Dyshomeostasis in Brain Ageing: An Update
Cardoso, S., & Moreira, P. I. (2021) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84965-8_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Age-Dependent Changes of Redox Ratio in Rat Brain Parts, Internal Organs and Blood Plasma
Krivova, N. A., Заева, О. Б., Суходоло, И. В., Васильевич, М. И., & Grigorieva, V. A. (2015) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i27/82606 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infections, anti-viral immunity and vaccine responses
Mohanty, A., Sawhney, A., Gupta, S., Rao, V. U. S., Govindaraj, P., Mohanty, S. K., & Jain, V. S. (2022) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.4103/1995-7645.340567 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., Vázquez‐Carretero, M. D., Ruiz, R., Roca-Ceballos, M. A., García-Miranda, P., Peral, M. J., Soto, M. S., Herrera, A. J., Venero, J. L., & de Pablos, R. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1637548 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El‐Lakany, M. A., Wedn, A. M., & El‐Mas, M. M. (2024) · Oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62131-4_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bureau, S. C. (2022) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-14889 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serra, J. S. (2017) · Biblioteca Digital de les Illes Balears (Universitat de les Illes Balears)
Bioresponsive Nanomaterials for CNS Disease
Kudryashev, J. A., Madias, M. I., & Kwon, E. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11409-0_5
Shan, Z., Wang, Y., Qiu, T., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, L., Zhang, L., Liang, J., Ding, M., Fan, S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26593949
- Authors
- Guevara, R., Gianotti, M., Oliver, J., & Roca, P.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Roca, Pilar
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 923-928
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063594376
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- brain mitochondria, oxidative stress, aging, sex differences, sexual dimorphism, mitochondrial respiratory chain, antioxidant defense, glutathione peroxidase, UCP5, free radicals, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins, Aging, Animals, Brain, Female, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ion Channels, Male, Mitochondria, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Blotting, Western, Oxidants, Rats, Wistar, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Proteins, Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins, Rats
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