Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel
Abstract
Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.
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Food industry by-products (fruit, skins, seeds, and membrane residues) are rich sources of bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, minerals, organic acids, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids.
“These fractions are rich sources of many bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber (pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, and selenium), organic acids (citric, oxalic, and malic acids), vitamins (vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin), phenolic acids (chlorogenic, ferulic, and sinapic acids), flavonoids (hesperidin, narirutin, didymin, hespe”
From Valorization of Fruit Waste for Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in the Food Industry (2023) · cites this paper as [168]
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“[39] Tomato Pomace Drying and Grinding Tomato Powder Used as a flavoring or coloring agent; high in antioxidants.”
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“Although citrus peels are not edible, they possess significant biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities (Singh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHigh Biological Value Compounds Extraction from Citrus Waste with Non-Conventional Methods
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“Citrus waste has a high biological value with potential health benefits [31] due to its high-quality fiber, pectin content, and the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), carotenoids, and essential oils (EOs) [3,32–35], which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and co…”
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Citrus By-Products: Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds for Food Applications
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“Coumarins, which have a 1,2-benzopyrone ring structure, are phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives found mostly in cinnamon and other plants, and can accumulate in plant tissues as a result of abiotic stressors and microbial attacks (Durazzo et al. 2019; Singh et al. 2020).”
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Variations in phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of navel orange at different growth stages
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“With regard to the therapeutic and nutraceutical potentials, these bioactive ingredients help to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular disease), with important nutritional health care functions (14).”
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“Synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are also unstable at high temperatures [3].”
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Impact of plant monoterpenes on insect pest management and insect-associated microbes
Qasim, M., Islam, W., Rizwan, M., Hussain, D., Noman, A., Khan, K. A., Ghramh, H. A., & Han, X. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39120 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…have extensively explored phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities within citrus peel, revealing a spectrum of health benefits including anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilatory effects [13 – 15].”
BackgroundMunir, H., Yaqoob, S., Awan, K. A., Imtiaz, A., Naveed, H., Ahmad, N., Naeem, M. S., Sultan, W., & Ma, Y. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13111681 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Secondary antioxidants, also known as preventive antioxidants, use different mechanism to slow down the rate of oxidation.”
BackgroundMadureira, M. B., Concato, V. M., Cruz, E. M. S., Valentim, J. M. B. D. M., Inoue, F. S. R., Santos, N. C., Gonçalves, M. D., de Souza, M. C., Scandolara, T. B., Mezoni, M. F., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030586 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“peretin and naringenin) (Figure 1) [69,71,73].”
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“It is estimated that one-third of the fresh citrus fruits produced are destined for juice manufacturing (Singh et al., 2020), and tons of peels are discarded as waste in this process.”
BackgroundDawood, M. A. O., Habotta, O. A., Elsabagh, M., Azra, M. N., Doan, H. V., Kari, Z. A., & Sewilam, H. (2022) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12680 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Activation of Nrf2 by Natural Bioactive Compounds: A Promising Approach for Stroke?
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“Among flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and flavonols can be found in grape pomace (catechins, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and flavonol glycosides), onion skin (quercetin 3,40-O-diglucoside and quercetin 4-omonoglucoside and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside) [34], tomato peel (lycopene, naringenin chalcone and na…”
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“Citrus peels are rich in dietary sources of flavonoids, such as NR, hesperidin and nobiletin, which are secondary plant metabolites with diverse and essential biological functions [35,36].”
BackgroundFlavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry
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Fruit peel bioactives, valorisation into nanoparticles and potential applications: A review
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Antioxidants for the Prevention and Treatment of Non-communicable Diseases
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“It is important to notice that phenolic compounds exist not only in comestible parts of citrus fruit but also in non-edible fractions (especially citrus peels) with multiple biological functions [11].”
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Nanonutraceuticals: The New Frontier of Supplementary Food
Paolino, D., Mancuso, A., Cristiano, M. C., Froiio, F., Lammari, N., Celia, C., & Fresta, M. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11030792 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“For example, citrus peel, a fruit waste, is rich in phenolic compounds with a strong antioxidant activity [31].”
BackgroundPermadi, N., Akbari, S. I., Prismantoro, D., Indriyani, N. N., Nurzaman, M., Alhasnawi, A. N., Doni, F., & Julaeha, E. (2024) · Current Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2024.100339 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Yang, M. Q., Jiang, Z., Wen, M., Wu, Z., Zha, M., Xu, W., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.825381 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Owing to the more abundance of flavonoids in CP’s, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other fruits or plants (49).”
BackgroundThe Role of Fruit by-Products as Bioactive Compounds for Intestinal Health
Chaouch, M. A., & Benvenuti, S. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9111716 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“7 * Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringin, kaempferol, neohesperidin, rutin [54]”
Functional compounds in dragon fruit peels and their potential health benefits: a review
Le, N. L. (2021) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.15111 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Saini, R. K., Khan, M. I., Kumar, V., Shang, X., Lee, J., & Ko, E. Y. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14060650 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Citrus peel is composed of flavedo (outer layer of the peel) and albedo (white, spongy material in citrus fruits located between the juicy pulp and the peel), which contain significantly higher amounts of polyphenols and other bioactive compared to juicy pulp [14,78,92].”
Bioactive compounds extracted by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide from citrus peels
Romano, R., Luca, L. D., Aiello, A., Rossi, D., Pizzolongo, F., & Masi, P. (2022) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.15712 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Standardization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from kinnow mandarin peel
Kaur, S., Panesar, P. S., & Chopra, H. K. (2021) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01674-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Fruit Peels: Food Waste as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Natural Products for Drug Discovery
Hussain, H., Mamadalieva, N. Z., Hussain, A., Hassan, U., Rabnawaz, A., Ahmed, I., & Green, I. R. (2022) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb44050134 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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“In addition, they are liquid at room temperature and hydrophobic so they have low water solubility (10,11).”
Peng, G., Gan, J., Dong, R., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Huang, Z., Gu, Y., Huang, D., & Yu, Q. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111905 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Pharmacological Effects and Potential Applications of Limonene From Citrus Plants: A Review
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Recovery, Bioactivity, and Utilization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Citrus Peel
Durmus, N., Gulsunoglu‐Konuskan, Z., & Kılıç‐Akyılmaz, M. (2024) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.4570 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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“5 Modern pharmacological studies also reported that tangerine peel exhibited hepatic-protection, 6 antioxidant, 7,8 anti-inflammatory, 8 and lipid-lowering effects.”
BackgroundLópez-Herrador, S., Corral-Sarasa, J., González‐García, P., Morillas-Morota, Y., Olivieri, E., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., & Díaz-Casado, M. E. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14060711 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The most prevalent hydroxycinnamic acids include p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid [214].”
Dadwal, V. S., Joshi, R., & Gupta, M. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111486 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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“The administration of acacetin at low doses in in vivo models activates antioxidant enzymes [44], while neohespiridin shows free radical scavenging capacity [45].”
BackgroundModulatory effect of caffeic acid in alleviating diabetes and associated complications
Ganguly, R., Singh, S. V., Jaiswal, K., Kumar, R., & Pandey, A. K. (2023) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v14.i2.62 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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“These metabolites provide a secondary defense and contribute to the normal growth and development of plants and help plants to communicate with their surrounding environment (Singh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPhytochemistry and biological activities of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon: an update
Zahr, S., Zahr, R., Hajj, R. E., & Khalil, M. I. M. (2023) · Journal of Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100737 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Caser, M., Demasi, S., Stelluti, S., Donno, D., & Scariot, V. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10101473 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Currently, agricultural residues, such as citrus peel [16] and cocoa husk [17], are the focus of research because they may contain large amounts of bioactive compounds that are beneficial to human health and can be exploited instead of being wasted [18].”
BackgroundPlant Fortification of the Diet for Anti-Ageing Effects: A Review
Dhanjal, D. S., Bhardwaj, S., Sharma, R., Bhardwaj, K., Kumar, D., Chopra, C., Nepovimová, E., Singh, R., & Kuča, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Vitamin C is commonly known as ascorbic acid, and is a highly water-soluble vitamin [170].”
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Roselli, V., Pugliese, G., Leuci, R., Brunetti, L., Gambacorta, L., Tufarelli, V., & Piemontese, L. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29112682 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Despite this, the potential of citrus peel is usually undervalued and neglected, wasting, during citrus juice processing, thousands of tons of this precious material [55,56], including carotenoids and ascorbic acid but also flavanones, polymethoxylated flavones and phenolic acids [55,57–61].”
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Fan, C., Ling-Hu, A., Sun, D., Gao, W.-M., Zhang, C.-F., Duan, X., Li, H., Tian, W.-Y., Yu, Q., & Ke, Z.-L. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06498 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Value‐Added Products from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes: A Review
Sánchez, M., Laca, A., Laca, A., & Dı́az, M. (2021) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.202000376 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Novel extraction methods and potential applications of polyphenols in fruit waste: a review
Cai, H., You, S., Xu, Z., Li, Z., Guo, J., Ren, Z., & Fu, C. (2021) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-021-00901-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Flour made from fruit by‐products: Characteristics, processing conditions, and applications
LARROSA, A. P. Q., & Otero, D. M. (2021) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.15398 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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“Future studies should aim to validate our findings and compare them to the flavonoid content within dried citrus peel extracts.”
BackgroundRegulatory mechanism and therapeutic potentials of naringin against inflammatory disorders
Peng, Y., Qu, R., Xu, S., Bi, H., & Guo, D. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24619 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Citrus flavonoids are polyphenolic flavonoids that exist mainly as glycosides in citrus fruits, with naringin and hesperidin being the most abundant [38].”
BackgroundBrezo-Borjan, T., Švarc‐Gajić, J., Morais, S., Delerue-Matos, C. M., Rodrigues, F., Lončarević, I. S., & Pajin, B. S. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11061766 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Taglieri, I., Sanmartin, C., Venturi, F., Macaluso, M., Bianchi, A., Sgherri, C. L. M., Quartacci, M. F., Leo, M. D., Pistelli, L., Palla, F., et al. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10050942 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“aurantium albedo further improved the phenolic profile of fortified breads due to the enrichment with flavonoids such as naringin and neohesperidin exhibiting a number of beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antidiabetic properties [29,87].”
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Assessment of chitosan/pectin-rich vegetable waste composites for the active packaging of dry foods
Merino, D., Bellassi, P., Paul, U. C., Morelli, L., & Athanassiou, A. (2023) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108580 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prommaban, A., & Chaiyana, W. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103188 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Durmus, N., & Kılıç‐Akyılmaz, M. (2023) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102571 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zhang, A., Ni, J., Martynenko, A. I., Chen, C. Q., Fang, X.-M., Ding, C., Chen, J., Zhang, J.-W., & Xiao, H. (2023) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136832 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“Citrus peels, which are considered to be worthy by-products, represent the highest flavonoid percentage in whole fruits [22].”
BackgroundVilas-Boas, A. A., Magalhães, D., Campos, D. A., Porretta, S., Dellapina, G., Poli, G., Istanbullu, Y., Demir, S., Martín, Á. M. S., García-Gómez, P., et al. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11233859 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The high content of flavonoids in citrus peels can explain several reported biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticarcinogenic activities [55].”
BackgroundExploring the multifaceted potential of chlorogenic acid: Journey from nutraceutical to nanomedicine
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Shi, M., Guo, Q., Xiao, Z., Sarengaowa, Xiao, Y., & Feng, K. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13131978 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“As a member of the Rutaceae family, citrus is regarded as one of the largest plant species, with a wide distribution across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions globally due to natural or artificial hybridization, resulting in numerous different varieties and hybrids [1].”
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Lemon Oils Attenuate the Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Quorum Sensing Inhibition
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“These valuable by-products could be sources of preservatives and functional compounds and can be used to develop innovative food products that are safe and with health-promoting activities [3].”
BackgroundPhysicochemical properties of pectin extracted from navel orange peel dried by vacuum microwave
Dong, H., Dai, T., Lü, L., Deng, L., Li, Q., Li, Q., Liang, R., & Chen, J. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112100 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Chen, P., Xu, Y., Hu, X., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130060 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dadwal, V. S., & Gupta, M. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1961676 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In a recent review by Singh et al. (2020) highlighted the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and higher contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the citrus peel including ferulic, sinapic and p-coumaric acid and polymethoxylated flavones (nobiletin and tangeretin).”
BackgroundSanli, I., Özkan, G., & Şahin‐Yeşilçubuk, N. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116352 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N.
- Affiliations
- Guru Nanak Dev University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kaur, Amritpal
- Venue
- Food Research International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 132
- Pages
- 109114
- ISSN
- 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007656257
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Research International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science and Engineering Research Board
- University Grants Commission
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (38(1419)/16/EMR-II)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Keywords
- citrus peel, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids, flavanones, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, carotenoids, free radical scavenging, functional food ingredients, food preservatives, health benefits, fruit waste valorization
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Citrus, Coumaric Acids, Fruit, Hesperidin, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Flavanones, Flavones, Polyphenols, Hydroxybenzoates
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