Mitogenome Diversity and Evolution of Bos indicus Cattle in India
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA has been widely utilized as a valuable tool for studying the evolutionary and demographic history both within and between different livestock speciesover the past three decades. Evaluation of the evolutionary history, population structure and genetic diversity is imperative for their productivity, ecosystem services, and breeding and conservation strategies for effective management. The present study included complete mitogenome of 78 cattle, out of which 33 samples belonged to 6 Bos indicus breeds of India. Mitogenome diversity of zebu cattle within population (π- nucleotide, haplotype diversity) was estimated using DnaSP v6 software and between populations (F ST ratio, AMOVA analysis) was estimated using Arlequin 3.5.2.2. Ladakhi breed showed maximum (π = 0.00645) while Gir (π = 0.00042) and Tharparkar (π = 0.00053) showed minimum diversity. The diversity between the breeds of Indian cattle was 16.34 %. There were 13 and 14 haplotypes in each of I 1 and I 2 halogroups respectively suggesting that the divergence of Bos indicus haplotypes likely occurred within the Indian subcontinent. The Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle lineages separated approximately 0.75 million years ago. The divergence pattern observed in zebu cattle highlighted the probability of a distinct ancestor and supported notion of independent divergence of Bos indicus.
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Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine lineages occurred approximately 201,000-301,200 years ago.
“Molecular divergence of taurine and indicine (also referred to as zebu) lineages is estimated to have occurred at approximately 201,000–301,200 years ago [5,7,8,9,10], strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The molecular divergence estimate strongly supports two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.
“strongly supporting the two independent domestication events involving distinct aurochs subspecies.”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The mitochondrial indicine I1 haplogroup spread east from northwestern India, with the I2 haplogroup sparsely distributed in India and southern China.
“The mitochondrial indicine I1 haplogroup spread east from northwestern India, with the I2 haplogroup sparsely distributed in India and southern China [7,29,30].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Sarath Kumar, T., Singh, S., Ganguly, I., & Dixit, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (IN)
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Sanjeev
- Venue
- Gene
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-02
- Volume
- 936
- Pages
- 149096
- ISSN
- 0378-1119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404342034
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Locations
- Gene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- Bos indicus, mitochondrial genome, genetic diversity, population structure, haplotype diversity, Gir cattle, Tharparkar cattle, Indian cattle breeds, divergence time estimation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breeding, Cattle, DNA, Mitochondrial, Haplotypes, India, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Mitochondrial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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