Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of Bos indicus cattle
Open accessAbstract
Together with their sister subspecies Bos taurus, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) have contributed to important socioeconomic changes that have shaped modern civilizations. Zebu cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley 8000 years before present (YBP). From the domestication site, they expanded to Africa, East Asia, southwestern Asia and Europe between 4000 and 1300 YBP, intercrossing with B. taurus to form clinal variations of zebu ancestry across the landmass of Afro-Eurasia. In the past 150 years, zebu cattle reached the Americas and Oceania, where they have contributed to the prosperity of emerging economies. The zebu genome is characterized by two mitochondrial haplogroups (I1 and I2), one Y chromosome haplogroup (Y3) and three major autosomal ancestral groups (Indian-Pakistani, African and Chinese). Phenotypically, zebu animals are recognized by their hump, large ears and excess skin. They are rustic, resilient to parasites and capable of bearing the hot and humid climates of the tropics. Many resources are available to study the zebu genome, including commercial arrays of SNP, reference assemblies and publicly available genotypes and whole-genome sequences. Nevertheless, many of these resources were initially developed to support research and subsidize industrial applications in B. taurus, and therefore they can produce bias in data analysis. The combination of genomics with precision agriculture holds great promise for the identification of genetic variants affecting economically important traits such as tick resistance and heat tolerance, which were naturally selected for millennia and played a major role in the evolution of B. indicus cattle.
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Zebu cattle originated in India and reached Southeast and East Asia approximately 5500-2500 years ago.
“Zebu cattle originated in India and reached Southeast and East Asia approximately 5500–2500 years ago [59].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The “Putative domestication sites and events” section dates the first spread to Southeast Asia to about 5500–4000 years before present, and “Departures to East Asia” dates entry into East Asia to 3500–2500 years before present. But the paper places the probable domestication site in the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan, rather than stating that zebu originated in India. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo enhance productivity, particularly heat tolerance and disease resistance, zebu breeds such as Kankrej, Ongole, and Gir were introduced from 1813 onwards, later yielding the Brahman favoured in tropical regions and indicine × taurine crossbreds such as the Beefmaster.
“To enhance productivity, particularly heat tolerance and disease resistance, zebu breeds such as Kankrej, Ongole, and Gir were introduced from 1813 onwards, later yielding the Brahman favoured in tropical regions and indicine × taurine crossbreds such as the Beefmaster [59,68].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
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Analyses of reaction norms reveal new chromosome regions associated with tick resistance in cattle
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Association of Copy Number Variation at Intron 3 of HMGA2 With Navel Length in Bos indicus
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Mitogenome Diversity and Evolution of Bos indicus Cattle in India
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The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution
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- Authors
- Utsunomiya, Y. T., Milanesi, M., Fortes, M. R. S., Porto‐Neto, L. R., Utsunomiya, A. T. H., Silva, M. V. G. B., Garcia, J. F., & Ajmone‐Marsan, P.
- Affiliations
- International Atomic Energy Agency (AT)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food Queensland Bioscience Precinct 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia QLD Brisbane 4067 Qld Australia
- Embrapa (BR)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Utsunomiya, Y. T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Animal Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-09-02
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 557-568
- ISSN
- 0268-9146 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2052
- OpenAlex
- W2972135966
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animal Genetics (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UnitusOpen (Tuscia University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Bos indicus, cattle, cattle domestication, Indus Valley, mtDNA haplogroups, tick resistance, heat tolerance, precision agriculture
- MeSH terms
- Domestication, Animals, Cattle, Ear, Biological Evolution, Fertility, Organ Size, Skin, Genetic Variation, Disease Resistance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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