Origin and Spread of Bos taurus: New Clues from Mitochondrial Genomes Belonging to Haplogroup T1
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BACKGROUND: Most genetic studies on modern cattle have established a common origin for all taurine breeds in the Near East, during the Neolithic transition about 10 thousand years (ka) ago. Yet, the possibility of independent and/or secondary domestication events is still debated and is fostered by the finding of rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups like P, Q and R. Haplogroup T1, because of its geographic distribution, has been the subject of several investigations pointing to a possible independent domestication event in Africa and suggesting a genetic contribution of African cattle to the formation of Iberian and Creole cattle. Whole mitochondrial genome sequence analysis, with its proven effectiveness in improving the resolution of phylogeographic studies, is the most appropriate tool to investigate the origin and structure of haplogroup T1. METHODOLOGY: A survey of >2200 bovine mtDNA control regions representing 28 breeds (15 European, 10 African, 3 American) identified 281 subjects belonging to haplogroup T1. Fifty-four were selected for whole mtDNA genome sequencing, and combined with ten T1 complete sequences from previous studies into the most detailed T1 phylogenetic tree available to date. CONCLUSIONS: Phylogenetic analysis of the 64 T1 mitochondrial complete genomes revealed six distinct sub-haplogroups (T1a-T1f). Our data support the overall scenario of a Near Eastern origin of the T1 sub-haplogroups from as much as eight founding T1 haplotypes. However, the possibility that one sub-haplogroup (T1d) arose in North Africa, in domesticated stocks, shortly after their arrival from the Near East, can not be ruled out. Finally, the previously identified "African-derived American" (AA) haplotype turned out to be a sub-clade of T1c (T1c1a1). This haplotype was found here for the first time in Africa (Egypt), indicating that it probably originated in North Africa, reached the Iberian Peninsula and sailed to America, with the first European settlers.
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Approximately 7000 years ago, taurine cattle were distributed in southern Egypt and across the African continent, established by the T1 mtDNA lineage, which is now characteristic of African cattle.
“Approximately 7000 years ago, taurine cattle were distributed in southern Egypt and across the African continent, established by the T1 mtDNA lineage, which is now characteristic of African cattle [26,37,38,45].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says T1 is almost fixed in modern African cattle, and the Discussion, ‘The origin of haplogroup T1’ (page unavailable), discusses possible routes by which domesticated taurine cattle entered Africa, including a route to Egypt. Neither passage establishes that cattle were distributed in southern Egypt and across the African continent approximately 7,000 years ago; the paper presents the migration routes as a possible explanation, not a dated finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll African cattle breeds analyzed so far carried taurine mtDNA haplotypes, which suggests that the waves of indicine arrival into Africa were male-mediated.
“A study on mtDNA indicates that all African cattle breeds analyzed so far carried taurine mtDNA haplotypes which suggests that these waves of indicine arrival into Africa were male-mediated (Bradley et al., 1996; Bonfiglio et al., 2012).”
From Identification of Candidate Signature Genes and Key Regulators Associated With Trypanotolerance in the Sheko Breed (2019) · cites this paper as Bonfiglio et al., 2012
The Introduction (page not available) says taurine mtDNA haplogroup T1 is almost fixed in African cattle, supporting the broad maternal-lineage point but not the claim that all analyzed breeds carried taurine haplotypes. The Discussion section “The origin of haplogroup T1” (page not available) considers male-mediated input from local African aurochsen, not male-mediated waves of indicine cattle into Africa. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Cattle Ancestry, Domestication and Carnivores
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- Authors
- Bonfiglio, S., Ginja, C., De Gaetano, A., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A., Colli, L., Tesfaye, K., Agha, S. H., Gama, L. T., Cattonaro, F., Penedo, M. C. T., Ajmone-Marsan, P., Torroni, A., & Ferretti, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- Ain Shams University (EG)
- Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (PT)
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata (IT)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferretti, Luca
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-06-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e38601
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3369859
- OpenAlex
- W1995568032
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- cattle, cattle domestication, mitochondrial genome, phylogeography, African cattle, Iberian cattle, Creole cattle, Neolithic Near East
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Americas, Animals, Cattle, DNA, Mitochondrial, Europe, Haplotypes, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Mitochondrial
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