Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic
Open accessAbstract
Animal domestication was a major step forward in human prehistory, contributing to the emergence of more complex societies. At the time of the Neolithic transition, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) were probably the most abundant and important domestic livestock species in Southern Asia. Although archaeological evidence points toward the domestication of zebu cattle within the Indian subcontinent, the exact geographic origins and phylogenetic history of zebu cattle remains uncertain. Here, we report evidence from 844 zebu mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences surveyed from 19 Asiatic countries comprising 8 regional groups, which identify 2 distinct mitochondrial haplogroups, termed I1 and I2. The marked increase in nucleotide diversity (P < 0.001) for both the I1 and I2 haplogroups within the northern part of the Indian subcontinent is consistent with an origin for all domestic zebu in this area. For haplogroup I1, genetic diversity was highest within the Indus Valley among the three hypothesized domestication centers (Indus Valley, Ganges, and South India). These data support the Indus Valley as the most likely center of origin for the I1 haplogroup and a primary center of zebu domestication. However, for the I2 haplogroup, a complex pattern of diversity is detected, preventing the unambiguous pinpointing of the exact place of origin for this zebu maternal lineage. Our findings are discussed with respect to the archaeological record for zebu domestication within the Indian subcontinent.
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Over 8000 years ago, Indian aurochs in the Indus Valley were domesticated into zebu cattle.
“Separately, over 8000 years ago, in the Indus Valley of South Asia, Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) were domesticated into zebu cattle (Bos indicus) [6].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction identifies Bos primigenius namadicus as the purported ancestor of zebu cattle, and the discussion following Fig. 2 identifies the Indus Valley as the most likely primary center of domestication. It dates early domestication there to approximately 8,000 years before present, not definitively to more than 8,000 years ago; the citing sentence also presents the proposed origin as certain. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOver 5000 years ago, domesticated zebu cattle had become widely distributed across the Indus and Ganges basins.
“Over 5000 years ago, domesticated zebu cattle had become widely distributed across the Indus and Ganges basins [6].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction reports that domestic zebu were widespread in the Indus Valley around 5,000 years before present. But it dates their presence in the Ganges region to around 4,000 years before present, so it does not support the claim that they were widely distributed across both basins over 5,000 years ago. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mtDNA I1 haplogroup and Y3b sub-haplogroup are widely distributed in India and other parts of the world, while Y3a sub-haplogroup predominates in southern China and Southeast Asia.
“The mtDNA I1 haplogroup and Y3b sub-haplogroup are widely distributed in India and other parts of the world, while Y3a sub-haplogroup predominates in southern China and Southeast Asia [6,9,36,37].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction (page not provided) says mtDNA I1 is the most frequent haplogroup in India and the rest of Asia, supporting the I1 portion of the claim. The paper analyzes mitochondrial I1 and I2, but the passages retrieved for Y3a and Y3b do not address either Y-chromosome sub-haplogroup or its stated distribution. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDomestic cattle possess at least two distinct centers of domestication.
“Domestic cattle possess at least two distinct centers of domestication (Figure 1).”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Samples from the Indus Valley show the highest diversity of the I1 haplogroup, surpassing that of southern India and the Ganges region.
“On a finer geographic scale, samples from the Indus Valley show the highest diversity of the I1 haplogroup, surpassing that of southern India and the Ganges region [6].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
Zebu cattle genetically harbor the mtDNA I1 and I2 haplogroups; the diversity of I1 and I2 haplogroups in the northern Indian subcontinent is higher than in other parts of Asia.
“Zebu cattle genetically harbor the mtDNA I1 and I2 haplogroups. The diversity of I1 and I2 haplogroups in the northern Indian subcontinent is higher than in other parts of Asia [6].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Chen, S., Lin, B.-Z., Baig, M., Mitra, B., Lopes, R. J., Santos, A. M., Magee, D. A., Azevedo, M., Tarroso, P., Sasazaki, S., Ostrowski, S., Mahgoub, O., Chaudhuri, T. K., Zhang, Y.-P., Costa, V., Royo, L. J., Goyache, F., Luikart, G., Boivin, N., Fuller, D. Q., Mannen, H., Bradley, D. G., & Beja-Pereira, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Kobe University (JP)
- Kunming Institute of Zoology (CN)
- Yunnan University (CN)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Sultan Qaboos University (OM)
- North Bengal University (IN)
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (ES)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Biology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-09-21
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-1719
- OpenAlex
- W2117782095
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Universidade do Porto
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G005540/1)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/42480/2007, SFRH/BPD/40786/2007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Bos indicus, animal domestication, Neolithic transition, mtDNA haplogroups, domestication center, Indus Valley, Indian subcontinent, maternal lineage, nucleotide diversity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Archaeology, Asia, Cattle, DNA, Mitochondrial, Geography, Haplotypes, India, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, History, Ancient
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