The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessment of hemp hurd-derived biochar produced through different thermochemical processes and evaluation of its potential use as soil amendment
Open accessAbstract
Biochar is a carbon-rich and porous material that finds application in different sectors and can be extremely useful in agriculture as soil improver. This paper provides a comparison between biochars produced with different slow pyrolysis processes and biochar produced in a downdraft gasifier. A blend of residual lignocellulosic biomasses (hemp hurd and fir sawdust) was pelletized and used as starting feedstock for the tests. The biochars produced were analyzed and compared. Temperature proved to be the main driver in conditioning the chemical-physical characteristics of the biochars more than residence time or the configuration of the pyrolysis process. The higher the temperature, the higher the carbon and ash content and the biochar pH and the lower the hydrogen content and the char yield. The most noticeable differences between pyrolysis and gasification biochars were the pH and the surface area (considerably higher for gasification char) and the low content of hydrogen in the gasification biochar. Two germinability tests were carried out to assess the possible application of the various biochars as soil amendment. In the first germinability test, watercress seeds were placed in direct contact with the biochar, while in the second they were placed on a blend of soil (90%v/v) and biochar (10%v/v). The biochars with the best performance were those produced at higher temperatures using a purging gas and the gasification biochar (especially mixed with soil).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The char yield depends on pyrolysis temperature, residence time, pH, carbon, hydrogen, and ash content.
“The char yield depends on pyrolysis temperature, residence time, pH, carbon, hydrogen, and ash content (Lehmann and Joseph 2009; Puglia et al. 2023).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Puglia et al. 2023
Section 3.6 (page not provided) reports that biochar yield decreases as pyrolysis temperature and ash concentration increase, and uses ash content to estimate yield. It discusses residence time, pH, carbon, and hydrogen as process conditions or char characteristics, but does not establish that char yield depends on each of them. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe obtained hemp biochar showed compatibility with seed germination when mixed with soil as a soil amendment.
“The obtained hemp biochar showed compatibility with seed germination when mixed with soil as a soil amendment (Puglia et al. 2023).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Puglia et al. 2023
Hemp hurd has been pyrolyzed and gasified with fir sawdust to produce biochar.
“Hemp hurd, which is the main byproduct of bast fiber generation, has been pyrolyzed and gasified with fir sawdust to produce biochar (Puglia et al. 2023).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Puglia et al. 2023
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels
Channiwala, S. A., & Parikh, P. P. (2002) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00131-4 · Cited by 2,570
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G. A., van der Velde, M., & Bastos, A. C. (2011) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.015 · Cited by 2,422
Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., & Hipps, N. A. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5 · Cited by 2,154
Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K. Y., Downie, A., Rust, J., Joseph, S., & Cowie, A. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x · Cited by 1,916
Weber, K., & Quicker, P. (2018) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054 · Cited by 1,522
Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis—A Technological Review
Jahirul, M., Rasul, M., Chowdhury, A., & Ashwath, N. (2012) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en5124952 · Cited by 1,427
An overview on engineering the surface area and porosity of biochar
Leng, L., Xiong, Q., Yang, L., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Jiang, S., Li, H., & Huang, H. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144204 · Cited by 1,410
Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis: Practical Design and Theory
Basu, P. (2010) · Cited by 1,332
A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications
Chen, W., Peng, J., & Bi, X. T. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039 · Cited by 1,237
Hossain, M. K., Strezov, V., Chan, K. Y., Ziolkowski, A., & Nelson, P. F. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.008 · Cited by 1,067
Pyrolysis for Biochar Purposes: A Review to Establish Current Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs
Manyà, J. J. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es301029g · Cited by 880
Effects of Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Adsorption of Ammonium and Nitrate
Gai, X., Wang, H., Liu, J., Zhai, L., Liu, S., Ren, T., & Liu, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113888 · Cited by 716
A review on operating parameters for optimum liquid oil yield in biomass pyrolysis
Akhtar, J., & Saidina Amin, N. (2012) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.033 · Cited by 692
Janu, R., Mrlik, V., Ribitsch, D., Hofman, J., Sedláček, P., Bielská, L., & Soja, G. (2021) · Carbon Resources Conversion · doi:10.1016/j.crcon.2021.01.003 · Cited by 488
The role of biochar in organic waste composting and soil improvement: A review
Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, J. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.003 · Cited by 459
European Biochar Certificate - Guidelines for a sustainable production of Biochar
Schmidt, H., Bucheli, T., Kammann, C., Glaser, B., Abiven, S., & Leifeld, J. (2016) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4658.7043 · Cited by 437
You, S., Ok, Y. S., Chen, S. S., Tsang, D. C. W., Kwon, E. E., Lee, J., & Wang, C. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.177 · Cited by 426
Review on biomass gasification: Gasifiers, gasifying mediums, and operational parameters
Mishra, S., & Upadhyay, R. K. (2021) · Materials Science for Energy Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.mset.2021.08.009 · Cited by 278
16.th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition
Holm‐Nielsen, J. B. (2009) · Cited by 251
Heating value of biomass and biomass pyrolysis products
Raveendran, K., & Ganesh, A. (1996) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(96)00158-5 · Cited by 245
Energy and environmental assessment of industrial hemp for building applications: A review
Ingrao, C., Lo Giudice, A., Bacenetti, J., Tricase, C., Dotelli, G., Fiala, M., Siracusa, V., & Mbohwa, C. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.002 · Cited by 237
Mineral–Biochar Composites: Molecular Structure and Porosity
Rawal, A., Joseph, S. D., Hook, J. M., Chia, C. H., Munroe, P. R., Donne, S. W., Lin, Y., Phelan, D. M., Mitchell, D. R. G., Pace, B., et al. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00685 · Cited by 198
Fast pyrolysis of biomass thermally pretreated by torrefaction
Boateng, A. A., & Mullen, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.002 · Cited by 155
Chen, L., Wen, C., Wang, W., Liu, T., Liu, E., Liu, H., & Li, Z. (2020) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.148 · Cited by 123
Characterization of solid and liquid products from bamboo torrefaction
Chen, W., Liu, S., Juang, T.-T., Tsai, C.-M., & Zhuang, Y.-Q. (2015) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.022 · Cited by 122
Jones, S., Bardos, P., Kidd, P., Mench, M. J., Leij, F. A. A. M. D., Hutchings, T. R., Cundy, A. B., Joyce, C. B., Soja, G., Friesl‐Hanl, W., et al. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.024 · Cited by 120
Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption
Januszewicz, K., Kazimierski, P., Klein, M., Kardaś, D., & Łuczak, J. (2020) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma13092047 · Cited by 111
Performance and emissions of a spark-ignited engine driven generator on biomass based syngas
Shah, A., Srinivasan, R., To, S. D. F., & Columbus, E. P. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.049 · Cited by 97
Promraksa, A., & Rakmak, N. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04019 · Cited by 85
Optimal design of negative emission hybrid renewable energy systems with biochar production
Li, L., Yao, Z., You, S., Wang, C., Chong, C., & Wang, X. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.183 · Cited by 83
Effects of acidic and neutral biochars on properties and cadmium retention of soils
Qi, F., Dong, Z., Lamb, D., Naidu, R., Bolan, N. S., Ok, Y. S., Liu, C., Khan, N., Johir, M. A. H., & Semple, K. T. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.014 · Cited by 78
Ngamsidhiphongsa, N., Ponpesh, P., Shotipruk, A., & Arpornwichanop, A. (2020) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112808 · Cited by 67
Kim, P., Weaver, S., & Labbé, N. (2016) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2016.02.017 · Cited by 50
A feasibility assessment of the production of char using the slow pyrolysis process
Soka, O., & Oyekola, O. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04346 · Cited by 46
Neubauer, Y. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857097439.2.106 · Cited by 42
Pedrazzi, S., Santunione, G., Mustone, M., Cannazza, G., Citti, C., Francia, E., & Allesina, G. (2020) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113645 · Cited by 29
Self-citationA novel low-cost tar removal technology for small-scale biomass gasification to power
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Pezzola, L., Mussi, R., Bromberg, L., Heywood, J. B., & Kasseris, E. P. (2021) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106085 · Cited by 23
Korus, A., Ravenni, G., Loska, K., Korus, I., Samson, A., & Szlęk, A. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.130 · Cited by 20
Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
Wang, S., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Hou, H., Du, C., Ma, P., & Kadier, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4059-9_4 · Cited by 16
Modeling on the pyrolysis of particles of low-rank coal and CaO mixture
Li, D., Shi, X., Zhang, J., Wu, Y., Wang, C., Gao, J., & Lan, X. (2021) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105169 · Cited by 15
Puglia, M., Morselli, N., Pedrazzi, S., Tartarini, P., Allesina, G., & Muscio, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063312 · Cited by 7
Self-citationEquilibrium Modeling of Hemp Hurd Gasification
Pedrazzi, S., Morselli, N., Puglia, M., Ottani, F., & Parenti, M. (2020) · IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) · doi:10.5071/28theubce2020-2cv.3.22 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- SERI, Solar Energy Research Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Generator Gas the Swedish Experience from 1939-1945, 3rd Edition with Index, ISBN 1-890607-01-0.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advancements in biomass waste conversion to sustainable biofuels via gasification
Abioye, K. J., Rajamanickam, R., Ogunjinmi, T., Paul, S., Selvasembian, R., & Ighalo, J. O. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.159151 · Cited by 75
Industrial Hemp As a Multi-Purpose Crop: Last Achievements and Research in 2018−2023
Dudziec, P., Warmiński, K., & Stolarski, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Natural Fibers · doi:10.1080/15440478.2024.2369186 · Cited by 32
Industrial Cannabis sativa-Hemp: Biochar applications and disadvantages
Malabadi, R. B., Kolkar, K. P., CHALANNAVAR, R. K., Acharya, M., & Mudigoudra, B. S. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.1.2065 · Cited by 22
Basak, M., Broadway, M., Lewis, J., Starkey, H., Bloomquist, M., Peszlen, I., Davis, J., Lucia, L. A., & Pal, L. (2025) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.20.2.basak · Cited by 22
Birhanu, A., Hailu, A. M., Worku, Z., Tessema, I., Angassa, K., & Tibebu, S. (2025) · Bioresources and Bioprocessing · doi:10.1186/s40643-025-00866-9 · Cited by 18
Congo red removal using microwave assisted pyrolysis derived magnetic hemp hurd biochar
Srinadh, R. V., & Remya, N. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2024.11.011 · Cited by 12
Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar: A Bibliometric Analysis of Trends and Future Perspectives
Admas, B. F., Moura, L. C., Gashaw, T., Silva, D. V., Melo, R. L. F., & do Carmo, F. R. (2026) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-026-10959-8 · Cited by 10
Zhuo, M., Byres, S., & Liang, Y. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121314 · Cited by 8
MacFarlane, H., Vivekanandhan, S., Blackman, Z., Mohanty, A. K., Rodriguez‐Uribe, A., Tripathi, N., Thimmanagari, M., & Misra, M. (2025) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-025-02940-x · Cited by 7
Biney, M. A., Gusiatin, Z. M., Trakal, L., Moško, J., Soukup, K., & Pohořelý, M. (2026) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115520 · Cited by 6
Characterization of Hemp Hurd-Derived Biochar for Potential Agricultural Applications
Assirelli, A., Fischetti, E., Scarfone, A., Santangelo, E., Carnevale, M., Paris, E., Palma, A., & Gallucci, F. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15092136 · Cited by 5
Exploiting Chestnut Biochar as a Functional and Circular Ingredient in Weaned Piglet Diets
Rossi, L., Frazzini, S., Santoru, M., Canala, B., Ferri, I., Moscatelli, A., Onelli, E., Dell’Anno, M., Pilu, R., & Reggi, S. (2025) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture15101082 · Cited by 5
Sustainable valorization of citrus pomace waste: biochar production and in vitro bioactivities
Spedale, C., Chiofalo, V., Dell’Anno, M., Frazzini, S., Puglia, M., Pedrazzi, S., Moscatelli, A., Onelli, E., & Rossi, L. (2026) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-026-11291-4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKumar, A., Kumari, P., Solanki, M. K., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29855-4.00002-3 · Cited by 1
Wang, L. P., & Baban, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1833491
An operational decision framework for energy–carbon trade-offs in hemp-derived biochar systems
Gomes, A. E. G. E., Gomes, T. L. C. D. S., Cremasco, C. P., Vicente, E. F., & Filho, L. R. A. G. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.149093
Mechanical behavior of biochar plates
Jarošek, K. (2026) · DSpace VŠB-TUO (VŠB-TUO)
ADSORPTION OF Pb2+ IONS BY HEMP HURD BIOCHAR FROM INDUSTRIAL HEMP (CANNABIS SATIVA)
Пасенко, О. О., Осокін, Є. С., & Ivanchenko, A. (2026) · Ukrainian Chemistry Journal · doi:10.33609/2708-129x.92.5.2026.3-18
Assessment of Solar Pyrolysis of Wormwood Biomass for Alternative Fuel Production in Uzbekistan
Madarova, S. U., & Ajeeb, W. (2026) · Sustainable Chemistry One World · doi:10.1016/j.scowo.2026.100319
Metadata
- Authors
- Puglia, M., Morselli, N., Lumi, M., Santunione, G., Pedrazzi, S., & Allesina, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Puglia, Marco
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e14698
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10070539
- OpenAlex
- W4353051740
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- biochar, hemp hurd, slow pyrolysis, downdraft gasification, soil amendment, seed germination, watercress, lignocellulosic biomass, pyrolysis temperature, biochar physicochemical properties, surface area, hydrogen content, char yield
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
