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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges
Open accessAbstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV) disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak and is a major public health issue. As of 11 February 2020, data from the World Health Organization (WHO) have shown that more than 43 000 confirmed cases have been identified in 28 countries/regions, with >99% of cases being detected in China. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as the sixth public health emergency of international concern. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. It is spread by human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact, and infection has been estimated to have mean incubation period of 6.4 days and a basic reproduction number of 2.24-3.58. Among patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus pneumonia or Wuhan pneumonia), fever was the most common symptom, followed by cough. Bilateral lung involvement with ground-glass opacity was the most common finding from computed tomography images of the chest. The one case of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in the USA is responding well to remdesivir, which is now undergoing a clinical trial in China. Currently, controlling infection to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary intervention being used. However, public health authorities should keep monitoring the situation closely, as the more we can learn about this novel virus and its associated outbreak, the better we can respond.
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“In an effort to limit the spread of the Sars-COV-2 virus, governments worldwide imposed different forms of public-health measures, including physical distancing recommendations, closing non-essential institutions, home quarantine, curfews, and lockdowns (Lai et al., 2020).”
From Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study (2021) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2020
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“While improving IoMT, AI, and Big Data, internet communication greatly increases the availability and dissemination of knowledge. Hence the reporting has the potential to spread as misinformation or fake news (Lai et al., 2020).”
From IoMT amid COVID-19 pandemic: Application, architecture, technology, and security (2021) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2020
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“Experience from the early phase of COVID-19 pneumonia has demonstrated that travel experience, rather than chest radiography, is of vital significance for early diagnosis and insulation of cases (Lai et al., 2020).”
From IoMT amid COVID-19 pandemic: Application, architecture, technology, and security (2021) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2020
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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 · Cited by 21,415
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585 · Cited by 20,148
La certeza de lo impredecible: Cultura Educación y Sociedad en tiempos de COVID19
Martínez González, M. (2020) · DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) · Cited by 18,463
Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001316 · Cited by 16,575
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30251-8 · Cited by 11,907
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z · Cited by 8,745
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Sorted by citations
Gautret, P., Lagier, J., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Esteves-Vieira, V., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 · Cited by 5,288
RetractedCharacteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., & Shi, Z.-L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 · Cited by 5,291
COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses
Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005 · Cited by 3,743
The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19
Ye, Q., Wang, B., & Mao, J. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037 · Cited by 2,761
Psychosocial impact of COVID-19
Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., Lahiri, D., & Lavie, C. J. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035 · Cited by 1,958
Metadata
- Authors
- Lai, C.-C., Shih, T.-P., Ko, W.-C., Tang, H.-J., & Hsueh, P.-R.
- Affiliations
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- Chi Mei Medical Center (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Hsueh, Po-Ren
- Venue
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 105924
- ISSN
- 0924-8579 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7127800
- OpenAlex
- W3006645647
- Cited by
- 6,068
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 609 · 2022: 1050 · 2021: 1770 · 2020: 2028
- FWCI
- 179.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, incubation period, basic reproduction number, remdesivir, infection control, public health emergencies, ground-glass opacities
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, World Health Organization, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
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