Individual differences in fear-potentiated startle as a function of resting heart rate variability: implications for panic disorder
Abstract
Background Anticipatory anxiety, which can be indexed by the startle potentiation to a threat of shock, has been implicated in the development of panic disorder. Large individual differences exist in startle potentiation to threat of shock but few differences have been found between panic patients in general and non-anxious controls. The present studies explored resting heart rate variability (HRV) as a source of individual differences in startle potentiation in students at risk for panic disorder and in unmedicated panic patients.Methods Participants in Study 1 were 22 students high and 21 students low in anxiety sensitivity (AS). Nine unmedicated panic patients and 15 matched non-anxious controls were included in Study 2. Startle potentiation to the threat of shock was examined as a function of AS (Study 1) and diagnostic category (Study 2) as well as resting HRV.Results Whereas no differences in startle potentiation were found as a function of AS or panic disorder diagnosis in general, both studies revealed that low resting HRV was associated with exaggerated startle responses to the threat of shock.Conclusions The present results replicate and extend the sparse literature on fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder. Low HRV was associated with more pronounced startle potentiation to both explicit and contextual cues. Thus, low HRV may be a useful endophenotype for at least some anxiety disorders.
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Even if safety cues are available, they are often not recognized.
“Importantly, more recent studies have shown that even if safety cues are available, they are often not recognized (e.g.Maren et al., 2013;Melzig et al., 2009;Pappens et al., 2014;Ruiz-Padial et al., 2003;Wendt et al., 2015).”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Melzig et al., 2009
The third personal domain in which GU and low HRV may occur is in situations or environments that are neutral (safe) by themselves, but that have acquired a threat value by their association with a stressor, through context conditioning.
“So, the third personal domain in which GU and low HRV may occur is in situations, or environments that are neutral (safe) by themselves, but that have acquired a threat value by their association with a stressor, through context conditioning (Grillon et al., 2006;Melzig et al., 2009).”
From Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity (2017) · cites this paper as Melzig et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Melzig, C. A., Weike, A. I., Hamm, A. O., & Thayer, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Melzig, Christiane A.
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-117
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164717450
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Universität Greifswald
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- fear-potentiated startle, panic disorder, resting heart rate variability, anxiety sensitivity, anticipatory anxiety, threat of shock, individual differences, endophenotypes, anxiety disorders, startle potentiation
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Electrocardiography, Electromyography, Fear, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Individuality, Male, Ventilators, Mechanical, Rest, Reflex, Startle, Panic Disorder, Young Adult
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