The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 112 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Alternative activation of macrophages: Immune function and cellular biology
Abstract
Macrophages are the first line of defense of the organism against pathogens and, in response to the microenvironment, become differentially activated. In the presence of IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines that are produced in a Th-2 type response, particularly during allergy and parasitic infections, macrophages become differentially activated. Alternative activated macrophages play an important role in the protection of the host by decreasing inflammation and promoting tissues repair. However, alternative activation of macrophages also downregulates host protection against selected pathogens. This defect is associated with an altered receptor expression pattern and extensive modulation of intracellular membrane trafficking. This review shows how alternative activation of macrophages induces extensive cellular remodelling of phagocytic, endocytic, signaling and secretory pathways which play an important, but unclear role in the pathogenesis of different disease.
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“In general, M1s or classically activated MΦs are pro-inflammatory and microbicidal, whereas M2s or alternatively activated MΦs are immunomodulatory, reparative, and poorly microbicidal [7–12].”
From Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
Cites
Alternative activation of macrophages
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Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions
Gordon, S., & Martinez, F. O. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007 · Cited by 4,197
Self-citationNeuroinflammation and M2 Microglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Inflamed
Cherry, J. D., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-98 · Cited by 1,748
Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes
Jurga, A. M., Paleczna, M., & Kuter, K. Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00198 · Cited by 1,000
Microglia in Alzheimer's disease
Sarlus, H., & Heneka, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90606 · Cited by 911
Radiation-induced fibrosis: mechanisms and implications for therapy
Straub, J. M., New, J., Hamilton, C. D., Lominska, C., Shnayder, Y., & Thomas, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-015-1974-6 · Cited by 677
Metadata
- Authors
- Varin, A., & Gordon, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gordon, Siamon
- Venue
- Immunobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 630-641
- ISSN
- 0171-2985 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091360431
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Immunobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- alternative macrophage activation, M2 macrophages, IL-4, IL-13, Th2 immune response, parasitic infection, allergy, inflammation, tissue repair, receptor expression, membrane trafficking, phagocytosis, endocytosis, secretory pathway, host-pathogen interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Endocytosis, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immune Tolerance, Macrophage Activation, Membrane Fusion, Parasitic Diseases, Wound Healing, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-4, Th2 Cells
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