The Pseudokinase MLKL and the Kinase RIPK3 Have Distinct Roles in Autoimmune Disease Caused by Loss of Death-Receptor-Induced Apoptosis
Open accessAbstract
The kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 and the pseudo-kinase MLKL have been identified as key regulators of the necroptotic cell death pathway, although a role for MLKL within the whole animal has not yet been established. Here, we have shown that MLKL deficiency rescued the embryonic lethality caused by loss of Caspase-8 or FADD. Casp8(-/-)Mlkl(-/-) and Fadd(-/-)Mlkl(-/-) mice were viable and fertile but rapidly developed severe lymphadenopathy, systemic autoimmune disease, and thrombocytopenia. These morbidities occurred more rapidly and with increased severity in Casp8(-/-)Mlkl(-/-) and Fadd(-/-)Mlkl(-/-) mice compared to Casp8(-/-)Ripk3(-/-) or Fadd(-/-)Ripk3(-/-) mice, respectively. These results demonstrate that MLKL is an essential effector of aberrant necroptosis in embryos caused by loss of Caspase-8 or FADD. Furthermore, they suggest that RIPK3 and/or MLKL may exert functions independently of necroptosis. It appears that non-necroptotic functions of RIPK3 contribute to the lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity, and excess cytokine production that occur when FADD or Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis is abrogated.
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Embryonic lethality imposed on mice by loss of Casp8 or Fadd can be rescued by concurrent ablation of Ripk3 or Mlkl, even though double knockout animals generally display lymphoproliferative and/or systemic autoimmune disorders as adults.
“Thus, the embryonic lethality imposed on mice by the loss of Casp8 or Fadd can be rescued by concurrent ablation of Ripk3 or Mlkl, even though these double knockout animals generally display lymphoproliferative and/or systemic autoimmune disorders as adults [432, 466, 484, 485].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [466]
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- Authors
- Alvarez-Diaz, S., Dillon, C. P., Lalaoui, N., Tanzer, M. C., Rodriguez, D. A., Lin, A., Lebois, M., Hakem, R., Josefsson, E. C., O’Reilly, L. A., Silke, J., Alexander, W. S., Green, D. R., & Strasser, A.
- Affiliations
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Alexander, Warren S.
- Green, Douglas R.
- Strasser, Andreas
- ORCID
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 513-526
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5040700
- OpenAlex
- W2515679818
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA169291)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI044828, R37AI044828)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- MLKL, RIPK3, RIPK1, necroptosis, caspase-8, FADD, autoimmune disease, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, cytokine production, embryonic lethality
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Necrosis, Protein Kinases, Cell Death, Apoptosis, Mice, Caspase 8, Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein, Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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