Cited by 526T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmune responses and vaccinationsImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

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Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity

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Elsner, Rebecca A., Shlomchik, Mark J.·2020·Immunity

DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006PMC PMC7748291

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Abstract

Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.

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Authors: Elsner, R. A., & Shlomchik, M. J.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Shlomchik, Mark J.
ORCID: Elsner, Rebecca A.
Shlomchik, Mark J.
Venue: Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 53
Issue: 6
Pages: 1136-1150
ISSN: 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006
PMC: PMC7748291
OpenAlex: W3111108024
Cited by: 526
References: 207
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 33
FWCI: 4.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 379 d)
Locations: Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords: germinal center reaction, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, memory B cells, plasmablasts, long-lived plasma cells, B cell activation, vaccine development, vaccine efficacy, autoimmunity, infection immunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, B-Lymphocytes, Humans, Immunity, Infections, Lymphocyte Activation, Plasma Cells, Vaccines, B-Lymphocyte Subsets, Immunoglobulin Class Switching, Germinal Center

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Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity

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