Explicit and implicit caregiving interests in expectant fathers: Do endogenous and exogenous oxytocin and vasopressin matter?
Abstract
Caregiving interest in men (N=46) during the third trimester of their partner's pregnancy was examined. The study included both explicit and implicit measures of caregiving interest, assessments of basal urinary concentrations of oxytocin and vasopressin, and exogenous (intranasal) application of these hormones. Compared to control men (N=20), fathers-to-be reported more interest in direct care for children. In an immersive virtual environment, fathers-to-be, in comparison to control men, stood closer to and tended to spend more time looking at the baby-related avatars, and stood further away and tended to spend less time looking at non-baby-related avatars. Basal oxytocin and vasopressin were not related to caregiving interest in fathers-to-be, and were not different from control men. When vasopressin was administered, fathers-to-be invested more time watching the baby-related avatars compared to control men. No effects were found of exogenous oxytocin on the behavior of fathers-to-be and control men in the immersive virtual environment. These results point in the direction of an adjustment of fathers-to-be for fatherhood, both consciously and unconsciously, and support the possible role of vasopressin in human behavior in the transition to fatherhood.
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Administering vasopressin to expectant fathers promoted attention to virtual baby-related avatars and affected neural and behavioral responses to sounds of infants crying, pointing to a role for vasopressin in responding to infant distress.
“Administering vasopressin to expectant fathers promoted attention to virtual baby‐related avatars (Cohen‐Bendahan, Beijers, Van Doornen, & de Weerth, 2015), and affected neural and behavioral responses to sounds of infants crying (Alyousefi‐Van Dijk et al., 2019; Thijssen et al., 2018), pointing to a role for vasopressin in responding to infant distress.”
From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Cohen-Bendahan et al., 2015
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Kelland, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97971-3_1
Suzuki, Y. (2023) · BUNSEKI KAGAKU · doi:10.2116/bunsekikagaku.72.207
Neuroendocrinology of Human Cooperation and Parental Care
Rilling, J. K. (2024) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51112-7_3
Szymanska, M. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5ebf3333z256cz402dz8340z24153a59aef8
Toward a Health Psychology of Fatherhood: A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Fathers
Rinne, G. R., & Saxbe, D. (2026) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70151
Inada, K. (2026) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2026.105109
Luis, J., & Romero‐Morales, L. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33657-7.00015-4
The transition to fatherhood beyond early infancy: Hormonal, behavioral and psychological changes
Rilling, J. K., Wu, S., Jung, E., Lee, M., Arrant, E., Zhou, C., & Ethun, K. F. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.108046
Rilling, J. K. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394366156.ch2
- Authors
- Cohen-Bendahan, C. C. C., Beijers, R., van Doornen, L. J. P., & de Weerth, C.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen-Bendahan, Celina C.C.
- ORCID
- Beijers, Roseriet
- Venue
- Infant Behavior and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 41
- Pages
- 26-37
- ISSN
- 0163-6383 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1553863328
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infant Behavior and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- expectant fathers, oxytocin, vasopressin, virtual reality, third trimester, transition to fatherhood
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Computer Graphics, Empathy, Fathers, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Oxytocin, Photic Stimulation, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, User-Computer Interface, Vasopressins, Infant Behavior
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