Intranasal oxytocin, but not vasopressin, augments neural responses to toddlers in human fathers
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This study investigates paternal brain function with the hope of better understanding the neural basis for variation in caregiving involvement among men. The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are implicated in paternal caregiving in humans and other species. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject pharmaco-functional MRI experiment, we randomized 30 fathers of 1-2year old children to receive either 24IU intranasal OT before one scan and placebo before the other scan (n=15) or 20IU intranasal AVP before one scan and placebo before the other scan (n=15). Brain function was measured with fMRI as the fathers viewed pictures of their children, unknown children and unknown adults, and as they listened to unknown infant cry stimuli. Intranasal OT, but not AVP, significantly increased the BOLD fMRI response to viewing pictures of own children within the caudate nucleus, a target of midbrain dopamine projections, as well as the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and visual cortex, suggesting that intranasal oxytocin augments activation in brain regions involved in reward, empathy and attention in human fathers. OT effects also varied as a function of order of administration such that when OT was given before placebo, it increased activation within several reward-related structures (substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, putamen) more than when it was given after placebo. Neither OT nor AVP had significant main effects on the neural response to cries. Our findings suggest that the hormonal changes associated with the transition to fatherhood are likely to facilitate increased approach motivation and empathy for children, and call for future research that evaluates the potential of OT to normalize deficits in paternal motivation, as might be found among men suffering from post-partum depression.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies indicate that the mesolimbic dopamine system is activated as parents of both sexes view pictures of their own children but not pictures of other children, and this activation is enhanced by intranasal oxytocin.
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicate that the mesolimbic DA system is activated as parents of both sexes view pictures of their own children but not pictures of other children, and this activation is enhanced by IN-OT [40,41,42].”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe few studies that have compared the effects of intranasally administered OT and AVP in humans have reported that these peptides do not have opposing roles.
“The few studies that have compared the effects of intranasally administered OT and AVP in humans have reported that these peptides do not have opposing roles.”
From Cross-talk among oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin receptors: Relevance for basic and clinical studies of the brain and periphery (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
OT and AVP can have differential effects on neural activity (BOLD fMRI responses) and cognition, at least in some cases, although the effects of OT are more robust.
“These data have, however, found OT and AVP can have differential effects on neural activity (i.e., BOLD fMRI responses) and cognition, at least in some cases although the effects of OT are more robust [84; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90].”
From Cross-talk among oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin receptors: Relevance for basic and clinical studies of the brain and periphery (2018) · cites this paper as [90]
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MethodResultParaventricular nucleus oxytocin subsystems promote active paternal behaviors in mandarin voles
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- Authors
- Li, T., Chen, X., Mascaro, J., Haroon, E., & Rilling, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rilling, James K.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 93
- Pages
- 193-202
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5565399
- OpenAlex
- W2585856827
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 21.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD078778)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- intranasal oxytocin, vasopressin, paternal care, fathers, caudate nucleus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, reward processing, infant crying, dopamine, postpartum depression, neuropeptides
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Brain, Child, Preschool, Double-Blind Method, Empathy, Fathers, Female, Humans, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Neurons, Oxytocin, Paternal Behavior, Reward, Vasopressins, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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