The magnitude and components of change in the black–white IQ difference from 1920 to 1991: A birth cohort analysis of the Woodcock–Johnson standardizations
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Statistical Abstract of the U nited S tates
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2527 · Cited by 8,872 · see citing works
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
Self-citationThe g factor: the science of mental ability
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2443 · Cited by 2,760 · see citing works
Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2007
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1769 · Cited by 2,409 · see citing works
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.
Young, K., Myrdal, G., Sterner, R., & Rose, A. M. (1944) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2086087 · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works
Myrdal, G. (1962) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26403-2_5 · Cited by 1,474 · see citing works
The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-5357 · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School
Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2004) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465304323031049 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Intellectual Development in Adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study
Schaie, K. W., & Baltes, P. B. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 687 · see citing works
The measurement of adult intelligence.
Cattell, R. B. (1943) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0059973 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Gimar, M., & Sissela, B. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315082417 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Intellectual Development in Adulthood
Schaie, K. W. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-101280-9.50023-1 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Race Differences in Intelligence
Bootzin, R. R., Loehlin, J. C., Lindzey, G. E., & Spuhler, J. N. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421415 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
The testing of negro intelligence
Shuey, A. M. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Psychological examining in the United States Army, 1921.
Yerkes, R. M. (1948) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/11304-057 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Comprehensive Handbook of Multicultural School Psychology.
Frisby, C. L., & Reynolds, C. R. (2006) · doi:10.14507/er.v0.666 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The Seattle longitudinal study: relationship between personality and cognition
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2004) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580490511134 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity
Lynn, R. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297222a0 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Hessen, D. J., Oosterveld, P., van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Span, M. M. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The testing of Negro intelligence
Maxwell, J. (1967) · PubMed Central · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Race Differences in Intelligence.
Bear, J. C., Loehlin, J. C., Banton, M., Harwood, J., & Montagu, A. (1976) · Man · doi:10.2307/2800419 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Perie, M., Moran, R. E., & Lutkus, A. D. (2005) · National Center for Education Statistics · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.44 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gold, D. P., Andrés, D. P., Etezadi, J., Arbuckle, T. Y., Schwartzman, A., & Chaikelson, J. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.2.294 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Stability and change in adult intelligence: I. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures.
Hertzog, C. K., & Schaie, K. W. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.1.2.159 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cognitive functioning of older people in relation to social and personality variables.
Arbuckle, T. Y., Gold, D. P., & Andrés, D. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.1.1.55 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Can longitudinal changes in processing speed explain longitudinal age changes in fluid intelligence?
Zimprich, D., & Martin, M. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.690 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence From Standardization Samples
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
(1921) · U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks · doi:10.1037/10619-000 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Cognitive functioning of older people in relation to social and personality variables.
Arbuckle, T. Y., Gold, D. P., & Andrés, D. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.1.1.55 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Gold, D. P., Andrés, D., Etezadi, J., et al. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.2.294 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Stability and change in adult intelligence: I. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures.
Hertzog, C. K., & Schaie, K. W. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.1.2.159 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cognitive Abilities and Their Interplay
Buehner, M., Krumm, S., Ziegler, M. D., & Pluecken, T. (2006) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.27.2.57 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Auditory and visual factors of intelligence
Horn, J. L., & Stankov, L. (1982) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(82)90012-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Tests: do we really have a criterion of mental retardation?
Flynn, J. R. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Structural equation models of relationships between exercise and cognitive abilities.
Clarkson-Smith, L., & Hartley, A. A. (1990) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.5.3.437 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Taub, G. E., McGrew, K. S., & Witta, E. L. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.85 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Elias, P. K., & Streeten, D. H. P. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.17.6.486 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Heredity, environment, and race differences in IQ: A commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005).
Nisbett, R. E. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.302 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence.
Cattell, R. B. (1961) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/11491-064 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Elias, P. K., & Streeten, D. H. P. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.6.486 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bissett, J., & Keith, J. (2005) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/27648958 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Murray, C. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzales, P., & Massmann, A. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim270020187 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lynn, R. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00114-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Japanese intelligence: Now the great augmentation of the American IQ
Flynn, J. R. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/301655a0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Huang, M.-H., & Hauser, R. M. (2001) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Behaviour and adaptation in later life
Maddox, G. L. (1983) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(83)90045-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Salkind, N. J. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Human Development · doi:10.4135/9781412952484.n544 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cattell, 1941, Some theoretical issues in adult intelligence testing, Psychological Bulletin, 38, 592
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McGrew, K. S. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101003010009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“When Murray [27] analyzed trends on the WoodcockJohnson test, he found that Black men born from 1925 to 1927 averaged 7.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBiogeographic Ancestry, Cognitive Ability and Socioeconomic Outcomes
Kirkegaard, E., Woodley of Menie, M., Williams, R., Fuerst, J., & Meisenberg, G. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Black Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Te Nijenhuis, J., & Van den Hoek, M. (2016) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence4020006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Warne, R. T. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Murray, C.
- Affiliations
- American Enterprise Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, Charles
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 305-318
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039254280
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Justice
- Woodcock-Muñoz Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- birth cohort analysis, cognitive ability, general intelligence, intelligence test scores
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review