Interformat reliability of the patient health questionnaire: validation of the computerized version of the PHQ-9

Erbe, Doris; Eichert, Hans-Christoph; Rietz, Christian; Ebert, David

doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.006

Cited by 98Psychometric Methodologies and TestingSurvey Methodology and NonresponseAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Interformat reliability of the patient health questionnaire: validation of the computerized version of the PHQ-9

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Erbe, Doris, Eichert, Hans-Christoph, Rietz, Christian, Ebert, David·2016·Internet Interventions

DOI 10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.006PMC PMC6096192

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Computerized versions of well-established measurements such as the PHQ-9 are widely used, but data on the comparability of psychometric properties are scarce. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare the interformat reliability of the paper-and-pen version with a computerized version of the PHQ-9 in a clinical sample. METHODS: 130 participants with mental health disorders were recruited during psychotherapeutic treatment in a mental health clinic. In a crossover design, they all completed the PHQ-9 in both the computerized and paper-and-pen versions in randomized order. RESULTS: = 0.92). PHQ-9 total scores were not significantly different between the paper and the computer delivered versions. There was a significant interaction effect between format and order of administration for the PHQ-9, indicating that the first administration delivered slightly higher scores. LIMITATIONS: In order to reduce the required effort for the participants, we did not ask them to fill out anything but the PHQ-9 once in paper and once in computer version. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the PHQ-9 can be transferred to computerized use without affecting psychometric properties in a clinically meaningful way.

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When delivered online, the PHQ-9 has good inter-format reliability to the paper version.
“When delivered online, it has shown to have a good inter-format reliability to the paper version (Erbe et al., 2016).”
From The efficacy of automated feedback after internet-based depression screening: Study protocol of the German, three-armed, randomised controlled trial DISCOVER (2021) · cites this paper as Erbe et al., 2016
The Discussion reports high correlation and no significant difference in mean scores between the computerized and paper PHQ-9, supporting good interformat reliability. However, the Methods describe administration on clinic computers, not online delivery; the paper does not establish reliability specifically for an online version. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The computerised version of the PHQ-9 has internal consistency (α=0.88) equally high as the paper-and-pencil version (α=0.89).
“The computerised version (α=0.88) of the PHQ-9 shows an equally high internal consistency as the paper-and-pencil version (α=0.89).103”
From Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a guided internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to improve chronic pain-related disability in green professions (PACT-A): Study protocol of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [103]
The PHQ-9 has been evaluated as an online version.
“It has also been evaluated as an online version [68].”
From StudiCare mindfulness-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an internet- and mobile-based intervention for college students with no and "on demand" guidance. (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
PHQ-9 is reliable and valid for detecting depression, including in patients with CVD (heart failure), and is valid in computerized format.
“The PHQ-9 has been found to be reliable and valid for detecting depression [18,23] and also in patients with CVD (ie, heart failure) [24]. The PHQ-9 has also been found to be valid in the computerized format [25].”
From An Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program Adapted to Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [25]

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Authors: Erbe, D., Eichert, H.-C., Rietz, C., & Ebert, D.
Affiliations: University of Cologne (DE)
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
Corresponding author: Erbe, Doris
ORCID: Erbe, Doris
Eichert, Hans-Christoph
Rietz, Christian
Ebert, David
Venue: Internet Interventions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-09
Volume: 5
Pages: 1-4
ISSN: 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.006
PMC: PMC6096192
OpenAlex: W2465348707
Cited by: 97
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 7.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, computerized administration, depression screening, psychometric properties, mental illness, psychotherapy

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Interformat reliability of the patient health questionnaire: validation of the computerized version of the PHQ-9

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