A self-guided internet-delivered intervention for adults with ADHD: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood, with an estimated prevalence of 2–3 %, is associated with several challenges in daily life functioning. Still, the availability of evidence-based psychological interventions for adults with ADHD is limited. Interventions delivered over the Internet on smartphones or personal computers may help to increase the availability of and access to effective psychological interventions. This study reports on the efficacy of a self-guided psychological Internet-delivered intervention on severity levels of ADHD symptomatology and quality of life in adults with ADHD. Adults with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis (N = 120) were included in a randomized controlled trial with two arms: 1) self-guided Internet-delivered intervention for managing symptoms and impairments related to ADHD (n = 61); 2) online psychoeducation module (control group, n = 59). The primary clinical outcome was severity levels of ADHD as measured with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Secondary outcomes were quality of life as measured with the Adult ADHD Quality of Life scale and stress as measured with the Perceived Stress Scale. Measures were obtained at three time points: before (baseline), immediately after (8 weeks) and 3 months after the intervention. The secondary objective of the study was to explore user satisfaction with and adherence to the intervention. Linear Mixed Model analysis revealed moderate to large between group effect-size improvements on self-report measures of ADHD symptomatology (d = 0.70) and quality of life (d = 0.53). Importantly, effects were maintained at 3-month follow-up (d = 0.76 and d = 0.52). In terms of adherence, 29 % completed all modules, while 59 % completed at least five modules (out of 7). Treatment satisfaction was adequate, with n = 34 (79 %) indicating that they were very satisfied or satisfied with the intervention, and n = 37 (88 %) indicating that they would recommend the intervention to a friend. The study demonstrated the efficacy of a self-guided Internet-delivered intervention by showing reliable and statistically significant improvements in self-reported ADHD symptomatology and quality of life. The intervention may be suitable for better managing ADHD symptoms in primary care and as a low intensity intervention population wide. ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT04726813, January 27, 2021.
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The anti-inflammatory properties of the Mediterranean diet may explain observed reductions in ADHD symptoms.
“Its anti-inflammatory properties may explain observed reductions in ADHD symptoms [186].”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [186]
The Discussion reports reduced ADHD symptoms following a self-guided internet intervention, not a Mediterranean diet. Searches for Mediterranean diet, anti-inflammatory properties, and dietary mechanisms found no passage in our copy addressing the proposed explanation. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mediterranean diet is associated with improved cognitive and emotional outcomes.
“The Mediterranean diet—rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has been associated with improved cognitive and emotional outcomes.”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [186]
The Methods (MyADHD intervention) describe mindfulness and emotional-regulation exercises, while the Results (Clinical outcomes) report outcomes of an internet-delivered ADHD intervention. Searches for the Mediterranean diet and for dietary links to cognitive or emotional outcomes found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Kenter, R. M. F., Gjestad, R., Lundervold, A. J., & Nordgreen, T.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Kenter, Robin Maria Francisca
- Venue
- Internet Interventions
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 32
- Pages
- 100614
- ISSN
- 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10033990
- OpenAlex
- W4327979145
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Council Canada
- Research Council of Norway (259293)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, online intervention, self-guided intervention, ADHD symptom severity, quality of life, perceived stress, online psychoeducation, medication adherence, treatment satisfaction, low-intensity psychological interventions, primary care
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