The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms of immunosenescence
Open accessAbstract
There is an accumulating body of evidence that a decline in immune function with age is common to most if not all vertebrates. For instance, age-associated thymic involution seems to occur in all species that possess a thymus, indicating that this process is evolutionary ancient and conserved. The precise mechanisms regulating immunosenescence remain to be resolved, but much of what we do know is consistent with modern evolutionary theory. In this review, we assess our current knowledge from an evolutionary perspective on the occurrence of immunosenescence, we show that life history trade-offs play a key role and we highlight the possible advantages of the age-related decline in thymic function.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, their number decreases following the involution of primary lymphoid organs, because age-related defects have been observed in their stroma.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“An abrupt contraction is seen in later life.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, at the age of 50, T cell production is <10% of its previous peak levels.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The reduced ability to respond to new antigens is linked to a decreased number of peripheral naïve T and B cells (see last paragraph of this section).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358
Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence.
Williams, G. C. (1957) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02911.x · Cited by 4,279
The moulding of senescence by natural selection
Hamilton, W. D. O. (1966) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90184-6 · Cited by 2,289
Franceschi, C., Capri, M., Monti, D., Giunta, S., Olivieri, F., Sevini, F., Panourgia, M. P., Invidia, L., Celani, L., Scurti, M., et al. (2007) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016 · Cited by 2,087
Kirkwood, T. B. L. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/270301a0 · Cited by 2,007
Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence
Williams, G. C. (1957) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2406060 · Cited by 1,912
AN UNSOLVED PROBLEM OF BIOLOGY
(1953) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1953.tb84985.x · Cited by 1,806
Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Austad, S. N. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35041682 · Cited by 1,774
IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE THYMUS
MILLER, J. (1961) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)90693-6 · Cited by 1,396
Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction
Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Rose, M. R. (1991) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0028 · Cited by 1,127
Th 1-type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy
Raghupathy, R. (1997) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01127-4 · Cited by 994
Immunosenescence: emerging challenges for an ageing population
Aw, D., Silva, A. B., & Palmer, D. B. (2007) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02555.x · Cited by 880
Medawar, P. B., & Medawar, P. B. (1953) · Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology · Cited by 833
Garigan, D., Hsu, A.-L., Fraser, A. G., Kamath, R. S., Ahringer, J., & Kenyon, C. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/161.3.1101 · Cited by 803
Immune Defense and Host Life History
Zuk, M., & Stoehr, A. M. (2002) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/342131 · Cited by 773
Inflammatory Exposure and Historical Changes in Human Life-Spans
Finch, C., & Crimmins, E. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092556 · Cited by 763
Age-Associated Characteristics of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Sudo, K., Ema, H., Morita, Y., & Nakauchi, H. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.9.1273 · Cited by 722
Induction of T H 1 and T H 2 Immunity in Neonatal Mice
Forsthuber, T. G., Yip, H. C., & Lehmann, P. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5256.1728 · Cited by 684
B-cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age
Siegrist, C.-A., & Aspinall, R. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2508 · Cited by 659
Salminen, A., Huuskonen, J., Ojala, J., Kauppinen, A., Kaarniranta, K., & Suuronen, T. (2008) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2007.09.002 · Cited by 581
Howard, J. K., Lord, G. M., Matarese, G., Vendetti, S., Ghatei, M. A., Ritter, M. A., Lechler, R. I., & Bloom, S. R. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6762 · Cited by 573
Activation of Thymic Regeneration in Mice and Humans following Androgen Blockade
Sutherland, J. S., Goldberg, G. L., Hammett, M. V., Uldrich, A. P., Berzins, S. P., Heng, T. S. P., Blazar, B. R., Millar, J. L., Malin, M., Chidgey, A. P., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2741 · Cited by 493
β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING ANÆROBES
Ingham, H. R., Sprott, M., & Selkon, J. B. (1980) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)91972-8 · Cited by 477
Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity
Crimmins, E. M., & Finch, C. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501470103 · Cited by 468
Developmental kinetics, turnover, and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells
Gray, D. H. D., Seach, N., Ueno, T., Milton, M. K., Liston, A., Lew, A. M., Goodnow, C. C., & Boyd, R. L. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-02-004531 · Cited by 458
The Involution of the Ageing Human Thymic Epithelium is Independent of Puberty
Steinmann, G. G., KLAUS, B. M., & Müller-Hermelink, H. K. (1985) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01916.x · Cited by 455
Innate immunity and inflammation in ageing: a key for understanding age-related diseases
Licastro, F., Candore, G., Lio, D., Porcellini, E., Colonna-Romano, G., Franceschi, C., & Caruso, C. (2005) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/1742-4933-2-8 · Cited by 453
The ageing immune system: is it ever too old to become young again?
Dorshkind, K. A., Montecino‐Rodriguez, E., & Signer, R. A. J. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2471 · Cited by 424
Human immunosenescence: is it infectious?
Pawelec, G., Akbar, A., Caruso, C., Solana, R., Grubeck‐Loebenstein, B., & Wikby, A. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00271.x · Cited by 405
Experimental evolution of aging, growth, and reproduction in fruitflies
Stearns, S. C., Ackermann, M., Doebeli, M., & Kaiser, M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3309 · Cited by 398
Lee, R. D. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1530303100 · Cited by 397
Amdam, G. V., Simões, Z. L. P., Hagen, A. R., Norberg, K., Schrøder, K. H., Mikkelsen, Ø., Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Omholt, S. W. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.02.010 · Cited by 385
Life history theory and the immune system: Steps toward a human ecological immunology
McDade, T. W. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10398 · Cited by 371
The case for negative senescence
Vaupel, J. W., Baudisch, A., Dölling, M., Roach, D. A., & Gampe, J. (2004) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2003.12.003 · Cited by 368
Thymic involution with ageing: obsolescence or good housekeeping?
George, A. J. T., & Ritter, M. A. (1996) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(96)80543-3 · Cited by 364
Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems
Sorci, G., & Faivre, B. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0151 · Cited by 361
Pawelec, G. (1998) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/a266 · Cited by 357
A test of evolutionary theories of senescence
Rose, M. R., & Charlesworth, B. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/287141a0 · Cited by 352
Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)
Austad, S. N. (1993) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02665.x · Cited by 343
Hale, J. S., Boursalian, T. E., Turk, G. L., & Fink, P. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601040103 · Cited by 322
Fisher, Medawar, Hamilton and the Evolution of Aging
Charlesworth, B. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/156.3.927 · Cited by 321
Season of birth predicts mortality in rural Gambia
Moore, S. E., Cole, T. J., Poskitt, E. M. E., Sonko, B. J., Whitehead, R. G., McGregor, I. A., & Prentice, A. M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41245 · Cited by 311
DIRECT SELECTION ON LIFE SPAN INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Zwaan, B. J., Bijlsma, R., & Hoekstra, R. F. (1995) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02301.x · Cited by 305
The Thymus Is a Common Target Organ in Infectious Diseases
Savino, W. (2006) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020062 · Cited by 298
Neonates Support Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation
Min, B., McHugh, R. S., Sempowski, G. D., Mackall, C. L., Foucras, G., & Paul, W. E. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00508-3 · Cited by 282
T cell development and receptor diversity during aging
Goronzy, J. J., & Weyand, C. M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.07.020 · Cited by 278
ANTAGONISTIC PLEIOTROPY, MORTALITY SOURCE INTERACTIONS, AND THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF SENESCENCE
Williams, P. D., & Day, T. (2003) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00356.x · Cited by 258
The shaping of senescence in the wild
WILLIAMS, P., Day, T., Fletcher, Q. E., & Rowe, L. (2006) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.008 · Cited by 242
Cytokines, leptin, and stress-induced thymic atrophy
Gruver, A. L., & Sempowski, G. D. (2008) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0108025 · Cited by 237
Aging of the innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster
Zerofsky, M. S., Harel, E., Silverman, N. S., & Tatar, M. (2005) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9728.2005.00147.x · Cited by 222
Foxn1 is required to maintain the postnatal thymic microenvironment in a dosage-sensitive manner
Chen, L., Xiao, S., & Manley, N. R. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-156265 · Cited by 221
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is required for postnatal thymic regeneration.
Alpdogan, O., Hubbard, V. M., Smith, O. M., Patel, N., Lu, S., Goldberg, G. L., Gray, D. H., Feinman, J., Kochman, A. A., Eng, J. M., et al. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2831 · Cited by 220
Effects of Castration on Thymocyte Development in Two Different Models of Thymic Involution
Heng, T. S. P., Goldberg, G. L., Gray, D. H. D., Sutherland, J. S., Chidgey, A. P., & Boyd, R. L. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2982 · Cited by 216
Reduction in the Developmental Potential of Intrathymic T Cell Progenitors with Age
Min, H., Montecino-Rodriguez, E., & Dorshkind, K. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.245 · Cited by 216
Rossi, S. W., Jeker, L. T., Ueno, T., Kuse, S., Keller, M. P., Zuklys, S., Gudkov, A. V., Takahama, Y., Krenger, W., Blazar, B. R., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-049767 · Cited by 215
Min, D., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Kuro-o, M., Holländer, G. A., Blazar, B. R., & Weinberg, K. I. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-043794 · Cited by 214
T cell receptor excision circle assessment of thymopoiesis in aging mice
Sempowski, G. D., Gooding, M. E., Liao, H. X., Le, P. T., & Haynes, B. F. (2002) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00122-5 · Cited by 206
Ortman, C. (2002) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxf042 · Cited by 196
Jackson, J. A., Friberg, I. M., Little, S., & Bradley, J. E. (2008) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03010.x · Cited by 193
IMMUNE SUPPRESSION AND THE COST OF REPRODUCTION IN THE GROUND CRICKET, ALLONEMOBIUS SOCIUS
Fedorka, K. M., Zuk, M., & Mousseau, T. A. (2004) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00877.x · Cited by 179
The evolution of senescence from a comparative perspective
Ricklefs, R. E. (2008) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01420.x · Cited by 174
Impact of aging on innate immunity
Pawelec, G., Solana, R., Remarque, E. J., & Mariani, E. (1998) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.64.6.703 · Cited by 163
Klasing, K. C. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 161
McDade, T. W., Reyes‐García, V., Tanner, S. N., Huanca, T., & Leonard, W. R. (2008) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20831 · Cited by 160
ENHANCED TYPE 2 AND DIMINISHED TYPE 1 CYTOKINES IN NEONATAL TOLERANCE
Chen, N., & Field, E. H. (1995) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199504150-00002 · Cited by 153
Life history, maintenance, and the early origins of immune function
McDade, T. W. (2004) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20095 · Cited by 149
Bertho, J., Demarquay, C., Moulian, N., der Meeren, A. V., Berrih‐Aknin, S., & Gourmelon, P. (1997) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1006/cimm.1997.1148 · Cited by 149
Direct Selection on Life Span in Drosophila melanogaster
Zwaan, B. J., Bijlsma, R., & Hoekstra, R. F. (1995) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2410318 · Cited by 146
Aging and Inflammation in Two Epidemiological Worlds
Gurven, M., Kaplan, H. S., Winking, J., Finch, C. E., & Crimmins, E. M. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.2.196 · Cited by 142
Singh, R., Hahn, B. H., & Sercarz, E. E. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.4.1613 · Cited by 141
Lee, H.-H., Hoeman, C. M., Hardaway, J. C., Guloglu, F. B., Ellis, J. S., JAIN, R. K., Divekar, R. D., Tartar, D. M., Haymaker, C., & Zaghouani, H. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071371 · Cited by 140
Inflammation, ageing and cancer
Vasto, S., Carruba, G., Lio, D., Colonna‐Romano, G., Bona, D. D., Candore, G., & Caruso, C. (2008) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.06.003 · Cited by 134
Architectural changes in the thymus of aging mice
Aw, D., Silva, A. B., Maddick, M., Von Zglinicki, T., & Palmer, D. B. (2008) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00365.x · Cited by 132
Basal metabolic rate and the evolution of the adaptive immune system
Råberg, L., Vestberg, M., Hasselquist, D., Holmdahl, R., SVENSSON, E. I., & Nilsson, J. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1953 · Cited by 124
Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system
Taub, D. D. (2008) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.05.006 · Cited by 116
Age‐related changes in the avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius)
Ciriaco, E., Pérez‐Piñera, P., Díaz‐Esnal, B., & Laurà, R. (2003) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.10416 · Cited by 116
Gui, J., Zhu, X., Dohkan, J., Cheng, L., Barnes, P. F., & Su, D.-M. (2007) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxm095 · Cited by 115
Age-Related Decrease in Mouse T Cell Progenitors
Tyan, M. L. (1977) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.118.3.846 · Cited by 110
Advanced age in horses affects divisional history of T cells and inflammatory cytokine production
Adams, A. A., Breathnach, C. C., Katepalli, M. P., Köhler, K., & Horohov, D. W. (2008) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.09.004 · Cited by 109
Thymic atrophy in the mouse is a soluble problem of the thymic environment
Aspinall, R., & Andrew, D. (2000) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00498-3 · Cited by 106
Lymphohematopoietic progenitors do not have a synchronized defect with age‐related thymic involution
Zhu, X., Gui, J., Dohkan, J., Cheng, L., Barnes, P. F., & Su, D. (2007) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00325.x · Cited by 104
T cells and the thymus in developing zebrafish
Danilova, N. (2004) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2003.12.003 · Cited by 104
Schüler, T., Hämmerling, G. J., & Arnold, B. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.15 · Cited by 102
Immunosenescence in some but not all immune components in a free-living vertebrate, the tree swallow
Palacios, M. G., Cunnick, J. E., Winkler, D. W., & Vleck, C. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0192 · Cited by 95
Modelling the disposable soma theory of ageing
Drenos, F., & Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2004) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.026 · Cited by 89
Optimizing human fertility and survival
Westendorp, R. G. J., van Dunné, F. M., Kirkwood, T. B. L., Helmerhorst, F. M., & Huizinga, T. W. J. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/90868 · Cited by 88
Birth season and environmental influences on patterns of thymic growth in rural Gambian infants
Collinson, A., Moore, S. E., Cole, T. J., & Prentice, A. M. (2003) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02568.x · Cited by 88
Morphologic transformation of the thymus in developing zebrafish
Lam, S. H., Chua, H., Gong, Z., Wen, Z., Lam, T. J., & Sin, Y. M. (2002) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.10127 · Cited by 87
Aspinall, R., Pido-Lopez, J., Imami, N., Henson, S. M., N’Gom, P. T., Morre, M., Niphuis, H., Remarque, E. J., Rosenwirth, B., & Heeney, J. L. (2007) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2006.9098 · Cited by 82
Comparative Studies of Senescence in Natural Populations of Guppies
Bryant, M. J., & Reznick, D. N. (2004) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/380650 · Cited by 80
Inherited Variability of the Mitochondrial Genome and Successful Aging in Humans
BENEDICTIS, G. D., Carrieri, G., Varcasia, O., Bonafè, M., & Franceschi, C. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06648.x · Cited by 73
Age-related alterations to immune parameters in Labrador retriever dogs
Blount, D. G., PRITCHARD, D. I., & Heaton, P. R. (2005) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.015 · Cited by 72
Reassessing the role of growth hormone and sex steroids in thymic involution
Min, H., Montecino‐Rodriguez, E., & Dorshkind, K. A. (2005) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.015 · Cited by 70
Clise-Dwyer, K., Huston, G. E., Buck, A. L., Duso, D. K., & Swain, S. L. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1321 · Cited by 65
Cellular Mechanism of Thymic Involution
Li, L., Hsu, H., William, G. E., Stockard, C. R., Ho, K. ‐., Lott, P. P. W., Yang, P., Zhang, H., & Mountz, J. D. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01206.x · Cited by 65
The thymus in the mouse changes its activity during pregnancy: a study of the microenvironment
Kendall, M. D., & Clarke, A. G. (2000) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730393.x · Cited by 61
Aging of the vertebrate immune system
Torroba, M., & Zapata, A. G. (2003) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.10409 · Cited by 58
Age-related differences in parameters of feline immune status
Campbell, D. J., Rawlings, J. M., Koelsch, S., Wallace, J., Strain, J., & HANNIGAN, B. M. (2004) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.002 · Cited by 52
Crompton, T., Outram, S. V., Buckland, J., & Owen, M. J. (1998) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199806)28:06 · Cited by 49
Why does the thymus involute? A selection-based hypothesis
Dowling, M. R., & Hodgkin, P. D. (2009) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2009.04.006 · Cited by 49
Naturally occurring genetic variation in the age‐specific immune response of Drosophila melanogaster
Lesser, K. J., Paiusi, I. C., & Leips, J. (2006) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00219.x · Cited by 47
The effect of age and telomere length on immune function in the horse
Katepalli, M. P., Adams, A. A., Lear, T. L., & Horohov, D. W. (2008) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.007 · Cited by 47
Phenotypical and morphological changes in the thymic microenvironment from ageing mice
Aw, D., Taylor‐Brown, F., Cooper, K., & Palmer, D. B. (2008) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9182-2 · Cited by 46
A hallmark of balancing selection is present at the promoter region of interleukin 10
Wilson, J. N., Rockett, K. A., Keating, B. J., Jallow, M., Pinder, M., Sisay-Joof, F., Newport, M. J., & Kwiatkowski, D. P. (2006) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6364336 · Cited by 45
Regulation of Human Life Histories
van Bodegom, D., May, L., Meij, H. J., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1395.007 · Cited by 45
Eaton, S. M., Maue, A. C., Swain, S. L., & Haynes, L. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4825 · Cited by 45
Elton, S., & O’Higgins, P. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420051377 · Cited by 44
Accelerated immunosenescence in preindustrial twin mothers
Helle, S., Lummaa, V., & Jokela, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402215101 · Cited by 43
Ecoimmunology: is there any room for the neuroendocrine system?
Ottaviani, E., Malagoli, D., Capri, M., & Franceschi, C. (2008) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20801 · Cited by 41
Is thymocyte development functional in the aged?
Aw, D., Silva, A. B., & Palmer, D. B. (2009) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100027 · Cited by 37
Modelling naive T‐cell homeostasis: consequences of heritable cellular lifespan during ageing
Dowling, M. R., & Hodgkin, P. D. (2009) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2009.11 · Cited by 31
Drenos, F., Westendorp, R. G. J., & Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2006) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-006-9027-9 · Cited by 28
Sozou, P. D., & Seymour, R. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2614 · Cited by 24
Leposavić, G., Pešić, V., Kosec, D. J., Radojević, K., Arsenović-Ranin, N., Pilipović, I., Nanut, M. P., & Plećaš‐Solarović, B. (2006) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.03.006 · Cited by 24
The.Role.of.Helminthes.in.Human.Evolution:. Implications.for.Global.Health.in.the.21st.Century
Elton, S., & O'Higgins, P. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420051377-13 · Cited by 22
Fetal Exposure to High-Avidity TCR Ligand Enhances Expansion of Peripheral T Regulatory Cells
Yu, P., Haymaker, C., Divekar, R. D., Ellis, J. S., Hardaway, J. C., JAIN, R. K., Tartar, D. M., Hoeman, C. M., Cascio, J. A., Ostermeier, A., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.73 · Cited by 21
Age‐dependent changes in thymuses in the European common frog, Rana temporaria
Płytycz, B., Mika, J., & Bigaj, J. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Zoology · doi:10.1002/jez.1402730602 · Cited by 15
Chemical Complexity and the Genetics of Aging
Pletcher, S. D., Kabil, H., & Partridge, L. (2007) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095634 · Cited by 13
Declining Immunity with Age in the Wild
Holmes, D. J., & Austad, S. N. (2004) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2004.21.pe22 · Cited by 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies
Li, X., Li, C., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Qian, P., & Huang, H. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01502-8 · Cited by 1,443
“In addition, the majority of functional cells are substituted with senescent fibroblasts and adipocytes, and stromal cells during thymus aging.(88,111,112) In the aged mouse thymus, elevated levels of phosphorylated histone H2AX and the Table 1.”
BackgroundSpeakman, J. R., & Mitchell, S. E. (2011) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.07.001 · Cited by 797
Aiello, A., Farzaneh, F., Candore, G., Caruso, C., Davinelli, S., Gambino, C. M., Ligotti, M. E., Zareian, N., & Accardi, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247 · Cited by 693
Age and immunity: What is “immunosenescence”?
Pawelec, G. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.024 · Cited by 606
Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aging process: age-related diseases or longevity?
Santoro, A., Bientinesi, E., & Monti, D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101422 · Cited by 603
Metadata
- Authors
- Shanley, D. P., Aw, D., Manley, N. R., & Palmer, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Royal Veterinary College (GB)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shanley, Daryl P.
- Palmer, Donald B.
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 374-381
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045107302
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, thymic involution, aging, immune function decline, life-history trade-offs, evolutionary immunology, thymus, vertebrates
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Biological Evolution, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Reproduction, Thymus Gland, T-Lymphocyte Subsets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review