The complicated relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders
Open accessAbstract
Adolescents and young adults with substance use disorders (SUD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly presenting in clinical practice. The overlap and role of treatment for these co-occurring disorders remains unclear. A review of the literature was conducted to highlight and update recent evidence on the overlap of ADHD and SUD, the role of ADHD medication on later SUD, and the treatment of ADHD and SUD in adolescents and young adults. Recent work continues to highlight the high risk for comorbid ADHD in patients with SUD; and conversely, the high risk for SUD developing in ADHD across the lifespan, particularly in the context of comorbid conduct disorder. Although the data remains discordant, it appears that ADHD pharmacotherapy does not increase the risk for SUD. Medication treatment alone does not appear to be particularly effective in treating SUD in currently active substance abusing individuals with ADHD. Structured therapies may be effective in treating adolescents and young adults with ADHD and SUD. Further controlled trials evaluating the sequence and effect of structured psychotherapies and/or ADHD pharmacotherapy on SUD relapse in these groups are warranted.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Overuse of drug testing is more common in minoritized populations with SUD.
“overuse of drug testing is more common in minoritized populations with SUD.199,200”
From The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [200]
The section on early ADHD treatment mentions drug-negative urine screens as a trial outcome, but does not discuss overuse of testing or differences between population groups. Searches for drug-testing overuse and racial or ethnic disparities found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDrug testing is known to introduce potential bias against minoritized populations.
“Because drug testing is known to introduce potential bias against minoritized populations”
From The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [200]
The section “Does Early Treatment of ADHD Influence the Risk for Later SUD?” mentions drug-negative urine screens as a trial outcome, but does not discuss bias in drug testing. Searches for drug-testing bias and racial or ethnic disparities found no passage addressing potential bias against minoritized populations. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · see citing works
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346 · see citing works
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., Case, B., Georgiades, K., Heaton, L., Swanson, S., & Olfson, M. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.006 · Cited by 1,579 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Given that active SUD may exacerbate ADHD symptoms by as much as 30 % [61•], in patients who are not well known to the practitioner, a period of brief abstinence or low level use of substances is usually necessary to help establish a valid diagnosis [62]. As discussed elsewhere, the diagnosis of adolescents and young…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMotivational interviewing with problem drinkers
Miller, W. R. (1983) · Behavioural Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300006583 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Wilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.179 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00240-6 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: main findings from two randomized trials.
Dennis, M. L., Godley, S., Diamond, G., Tims, F., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., Liddle, H., Titus, J. C., Kaminer, Y., Webb, C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD
Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.497 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Neurobiology of the Adolescent Brain and Behavior: Implications for Substance Use Disorders
Casey, B. J., & Jones, R. M. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.017 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Medication for Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminality
Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., Zetterqvist, J., Sjölander, A., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203241 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
The epidemiology of dual diagnosis
Kessler, R. C. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.034 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Young adult follow‐up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00214.x · Cited by 567 · see citing works
van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., van de Glind, G., van den Brink, W., Smit, F., Crunelle, C. L., Swets, M., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.007 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Mental Illness
(2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199798261.001.0001 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms
Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Sprich, S., Winett, C. L., Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.001 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationCharach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T., & Lillie, E. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Elkins, I. J., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
BIEDERMAN, J., WILENS, T., MICK, E., FARAONE, S. V., WEBER, W., CURTIS, S., THORNELL, A., PFISTER, K., JETTON, J. G., & SORIANO, J. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199701000-00013 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks
the IMAGEN Consortium, Whelan, R., Conrod, P. J., Poline, J.-B., Lourdusamy, A., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bellgrove, M. A., Büchel, C., Byrne, M., et al. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3092 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Waldron, H. B., & Turner, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701820133 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.011 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Safren, S. A., Sprich, S., Mimiaga, M. J., Surman, C., Knouse, L., Groves, M., & Otto, M. W. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1192 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD
Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M. J., & Kofman, M. D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Ambulatory Cocaine Abusers
Carroll, K. M. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030013002 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD
Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., & Biederman, J. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, W. R., Sovereign, R. G., & Krege, B. (1988) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300014129 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Understanding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from Childhood to Adulthood
Wilens, T. E., & Spencer, T. J. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2206 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of Medication Adherence in Children and Adults with ADHD
Adler, L. D., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.01.2112 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Monuteaux, M. C., Fried, R., Byrne, D., Mirto, T., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationSchubiner, H., Saules, K., Arfken, C., Johanson, C., Schuster, C., Lockhart, N. A., Edwards, A., Donlin, J., & Pihlgren, E. M. (2002) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.10.3.286 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Adolescents With Substance Use Disorders: Findings From the MECA Study
Kandel, D. B., Johnson, J. G., Bird, H., Weissman, M. M., Goodman, S. H., Lahey, B. B., Regier, D. A., & Schwab‐Stone, M. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00016 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Schubiner, H., Downey, K. K., Arfken, C. L., Johanson, C.-E., Schuster, C. R., Lockhart, N., Edwards, A., Donlin, J., & Pihlgren, E. (2002) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.10.3.286 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Mental Illness
Chatterjee, R. B. A. (2005) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.4.556 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Young Adult Drug Use and Delinquency: Childhood Antecedents and Adolescent Mediators
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Finch, S. J., & Cohen, P. R. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199612000-00009 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M., Brooks, D. J., & Garawi, F. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
LEWINSOHN, P. M., GOTLIB, I. H., & SEELEY, J. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00021 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes
Humphreys, K. L., Eng, T., & Lee, S. S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Emilsson, B., Gudjonsson, G., Sigurdsson, J. F., Baldursson, G., Einarsson, E., Olafsdottir, H., & Young, S. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-116 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment influences drinking outcome by altering therapeutic mechanisms of change.
Bates, M. E., Pawlak, A. P., Tonigan, J. S., & Buckman, J. F. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.241 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Philipsen, A., Richter, H., Peters, J., Alm, B., Sobanski, E., Colla, M., Münzebrock, M., Scheel, C., Jacob, C., Perlov, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815c088b · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Konstenius, M., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., Guterstam, J., Beck, O., Philips, B., & Franck, J. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12369 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Evaluation of group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD
Bramham, J., Young, S., Bickerdike, A., Spain, D., McCartan, D., & Xenitidis, K. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708314596 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
LEVIN, F. R., Evans, S. M., Brooks, D. J., Kalbag, A. S., Garawi, F., & Nunes, E. V. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E. O., Wilens, T. E., Fontanella, J. A., Poetzl, K. M., Kirk, T., Masse, J. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.009 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationAtomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders
Wilens, T. E., Adler, L. A., Weiss, M. D., Michelson, D., Ramsey, J. L., Moore, R. J., Renard, D., Brady, K. T., Trzepacz, P. T., Schuh, L. M., et al. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.009 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationWilens, T. E., & Decker, M. W. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.002 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationWilens, T., Adamson, J., Sgambati, S., Whitley, J., Santry, A., Monuteaux, M., & Biederman, J. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490601082742 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationAustin, A., Macgowan, M. J., & Wagner, E. F. (2005) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731504271606 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Flory, K., & Lynam, D. R. (2003) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022260221570 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Groenman, A. P., Oosterlaan, J., Rommelse, N., Franke, B., Roeyers, H., Oades, R. D., Sergeant, J. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Faraone, S. V. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12188 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Psychotherapies for adolescent substance abusers: a pilot study.
Kaminer, Y., Burleson, J., Blitz, C., Sussman, J., & Rounsaville, B. (1998) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199811000-00004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Riggs, P. D., Winhusen, T., Davies, R. D., Leimberger, J. D., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S., Klein, C., Macdonald, M., Lohman, M., Bailey, G. L., Haynes, L., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.010 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Persistent and delayed behavioral changes after nicotine treatment in adolescent rats
Trauth, J. A., Seidler, F. J., & Slotkin, T. A. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02823-7 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Outcomes in Adolescent ADHD
Antshel, K., Faraone, S., & Gordon, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712443155 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Schmitz, M. D., Denardin, D., da Silva, T. L., Pianca, T. G., Hutz, M. H., Faraone, S. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/s0890-8567(09)61916-x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kuczenski, R. T., & Segal, D. S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.036 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Gestational Alcohol Exposure
Bhatara, V. S., Loudenberg, R., & Ellis, R. B. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705283880 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of CBT therapy for adults with ADHD with and without medication
Weiss, M., Murray, C., Wasdell, M., Greenfield, B., Giles, L., & Hechtman, L. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-30 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Familial risk analyses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Wilens, T. E., Fraire, M. G., Purcell, C. A., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., & Faraone, S. V. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030419 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationAn update on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults
Wilens, T. E., Morrison, N. R., & Prince, J. B. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.137 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Treatment Outcome in Opioid Abusers Entering Treatment
KING, V. L., BROONER, R. K., KIDORF, M. S., STOLLER, K. B., & MIRSKY, A. F. (1999) · The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199908000-00005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Johnson, B., Cloninger, C. R., Roache, J., Bordnick, P., & Ruíz, P. (2000) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490050172191 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Cohen, P. R., Shapiro, J., & Balka, E. B. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00022 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The intersection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse
Wilens, T. E., & Morrison, N. R. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328345c956 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationKollins, S. H. (2008) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079908x280707 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Thurstone, C., Riggs, P. D., Salomonsen-Sautel, S., & Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
McRae‐Clark, A. L., Carter, R. E., Killeen, T. K., Carpenter, M. J., White, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00076.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Riggs, P. D., Hall, S. K., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Lohman, M., & Kayser, A. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Szobot, C. M., Rohde, L. A., Bukstein, O., Molina, B. S. G., Martins, C., Ruaro, P., & Pechansky, F. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01850.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Comorbidity of ADHD and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Neuroimaging Perspective
Frodl, T. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710365054 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
RIGGS, P. D., & Jellinek, M. S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199803000-00019 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
CHILDHOOD ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE: A 1-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Ercan, E. S. (2003) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg084 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brook, D. W., Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., & Koppel, J. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.180 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
van de Glind, G., Oortmerssen, K. V. E., Carpentier, P. J., LEVIN, F. R., Koeter, M. W. J., Barta, C., Kaye, S. S., Skutle, A., Franck, J., Konstenius, M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1397 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Yule, A. M., Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M. K., Simon, A., & Biederman, J. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12048.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationWilens, T., Adler, L., Tanaka, Y., Xiao, F., D’Souza, D., Gutkin, S. W., & Upadhyaya, H. (2011) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.628648 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders.
Wilens, T. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2059 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationWilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Fried, R. S., Petty, C. R., Bateman, C., & Biederman, J. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.11.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationWinhusen, T. M., Lewis, D. F., Riggs, P., Davies, R. D., Adler, L. A., Sonne, S. C., & Somoza, E. C. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0014 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Inattention as a key predictor of tobacco use in adolescence.
Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., WHITE, H. R., Stouthamer‐Loeber, M., & Pardini, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.249 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Tamm, L., Trello-Rishel, K., Riggs, P., Nakonezny, P. A., Acosta, M., Bailey, G., & Winhusen, T. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.07.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
LEVIN, F. R., Mariani, J. J., Secora, A. M., Brooks, D., Cheng, W. Y., Bisaga, A. M., Nunes, E. V., Aharonovich, E., Raby, W. N., & Hennessy, G. (2009) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504260802628767 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Attention Problems in Childhood and Adult Substance Use
Galéra, C., Pingault, J., Fombonne, E. J., Michel, G., Lagarde, E., Bouvard, M. P., & Melchior, M. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.008 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Substance Use Disorder and ADHD
Kousha, M., Shahrivar, Z., & Alaghband‐Rad, J. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710387265 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hammerness, P., Joshi, G., Doyle, R., Georgiopoulos, A., Geller, D., Spencer, T., Petty, C. R., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.06.046 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Symptom Prevalence of ADHD in a Community Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program
McAweeney, M., Rogers, N. L., Huddleston, C., Moore, D., & Gentile, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708329973 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hammerness, P. G., Petty, C. R., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712468051 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Adler, L. A., Wilens, T. E., Zhang, S., Durell, T. M., Walker, D. J., Schuh, L. M., Jin, L., Feldman, P., & Trzepacz, P. T. (2009) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.3109/10550490903077663 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN
PETERSON, O. L. (1962) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1962.tb26489.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Effects of Childhood ADHD Symptoms on Early-onset Substance Use: A Swedish Twin Study
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9575-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Therapeutic challenges of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with substance use disorders
Bukstein, O. G. (2006) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.6.4.541 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ADHD, cigarette smoking, and substance abuse: An intoxicating combination
Zulauf, B. C., & Wilens, T. E. (2012) · Contemporary pediatrics · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents
Wilens, T. E. (2006) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Becker, T. D., Arnold, M. K., Ro, V., Martin, L. K., & Rice, T. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa171 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Crunelle, C., van den Brink, W., Moggi, F., Konstenius, M., Franck, J., Levin, F., van de Glind, G., Demetrovics, Z., Coetzee, C., Luderer, M., et al. (2018) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000487767 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Emergence of sex differences in the development of substance use and abuse during adolescence
Kuhn, C. M. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.003 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Automated detection of ADHD: Current trends and future perspective
Loh, H. W., Ooi, C. P., Barua, P. D., Palmer, E. E., Molinari, F., & Acharya, U. R. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105525 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Capusan, A. J., Bendtsen, P., Marteinsdottir, I., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715626511 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Alcohol use disorders and ADHD.
Luderer, M., Ramos Quiroga, J. A., Faraone, S. V., Zhang-James, Y., & Reif, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Rohner, H., Gaspar, N., Philipsen, A., & Schulze, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021275 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Multimodal therapies may be effective at treating patients with ADHD and comorbid SUD [15].”
BackgroundHuang, J.-S., Yang, F., Chien, W., Yeh, T., Chung, C., Tsai, C., Tsai, S., Yang, S.-S., Tzeng, N., Chen, M., et al. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5371 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Schepis, T. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.5324 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Global Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Chhibber, A., Watanabe, A. H., Chaisai, C., Veettil, S., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2021) · PharmacoEconomics (Auckland) · doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00998-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Welsh, J. W., Knight, J. R., Hou, S. S., Malowney, M., Schram, P., Sherritt, L., & Boyd, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.12.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder
(2024) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001299 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bahji, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13040999 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In essence, addressing the comorbidity of stimulant use disorders and ADHD calls for a nuanced approach that carefully considers the intricate interplay of various factors and acknowledges the existing gaps in evidence [75].”
BackgroundPharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Addicted Patients: What Does the Literature Tell Us?
Carpentier, P., & Levin, F. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000122 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The rationale for using ADHDmedication in patients with comorbid ADHD and SUD is primarily twofold: to improve ADHD symptomatology and to positively influence addiction outcome.(9,10) Effective treatment would stabilize cumbersome ADHD symptoms, making patients more stable and more amenable to treatment.”
BackgroundWang, P., & Yen, C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1546-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Second, attention deficient hyperactivity disorder, which may be linked to substance use, is more common in boys than in girls [45].”
BackgroundSelinus, E. N., Molero, Y., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsäter, H. S., Lundström, S., Bottai, M., & Gumpert, C. H. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12655 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The importance and implications of comparator selection in pharmacoepidemiologic research
D’Arcy, M. E., Stürmer, T., & Lund, J. L. (2018) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-018-0155-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prescription opioid misuse among middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015–2016
Han, B. H., Sherman, S. E., & Palamar, J. J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Studies on the concurrent use of stimulants and opioids have focused on younger adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but not on specifically for older adults (Wei et al., 2018; Zulauf et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMcClure, E. A., Sonne, S. C., Winhusen, T. M., Carroll, K. M., Ghitza, U. E., McRae‐Clark, A. L., Matthews, A. G., Sharma, G., Veldhuisen, P. C. V., Vandrey, R. G., et al. (2014) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.08.011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“This was considered appropriate for feasibility purposes, given the high frequency of co-occurrence of ADHD and SUDs among young adults [73, 74].”
Physical activity: A promising adjunctive treatment for severe alcohol use disorder
Cabé, N., Lanièpce, A., & Pitel, A. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106667 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“ADHD is highly comorbid with sAUD (Zulauf et al., 2014).”
Pediatric pharmacoepidemiology - safety and effectiveness of medicines for ADHD
Clavenna, A., & Bonati, M. R. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1389894 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Brooks, S. J. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0714-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Recent studies of those with ADHD, which can also present as comorbidity with SUD [117], have demonstrated clinically significant effects of WM training, particularly in lowering inattention and impulsivity [118–120].”
BackgroundADGRL3 (LPHN3) variants predict substance use disorder
Arcos‐Burgos, M., Velez, J. I., Martinez, A. F., Marta Ribasés, A., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Vanesa Richarte, B., Roncero, C., Cormand, B., Fernàndez‐Castillo, N., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0396-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kline‐Simon, A. H., Weisner, C. M., & Sterling, S. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.02.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“ADHD has been found to co-occur frequently with a number of other mental health conditions, including anxiety(16,17) and SUDs.(18) Furthermore, studies have found high rates of SUDs among adolescents with ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialStructural abnormality of substantia nigra induced by methamphetamine abuse
Rumpf, J., Albers, J., Fricke, C., Mueller, W. C., & Claßen, J. (2017) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27205 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jacob, L., Haro, J. M., & Koyanagi, A. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.72 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kantak, K. (2022) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173378 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Treatment Controversies in Adult ADHD
McGough, J. J. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091207 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Miguel, C. S., Martins, P. A., Moleda, N., Klein, M., Chaim-Avancini, T. M., Gobbo, M. A., Alves, T. M., da Silva, M. A., & Louzã, M. R. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.040 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Privacy, Safety, and Security in Extended Reality: User Experience Challenges for Neurodiverse Users
Jones, D., Ghasemi, S., Gračanin, D., & Azab, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35822-7_33 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pharmacology, Systematic Review and Recent Clinical Trials of Metadoxine
Miceli, M. D., & Gronier, B. (2018) · Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials · doi:10.2174/1574887113666180227100217 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Heradstveit, O., Skogen, J. C., Hetland, J., Stewart, R. J., & Hysing, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Crude model 1.82 (0.55, 6.05) 1.96 (0.93, 4.14) 2.48 (1.19, 5.16)∗ 4.63 (2.15, 10.00)∗∗∗ Adj for comorbidity2 1.44 (0.41, 5.11) 1.88 (0.86, 4.11) 2.19 (1.02, 4.71)∗ 3.54 (1.58, 7.92)∗∗ +Adj for SES+sex+age 0.73 (0.08, 6.29) 1.68 (0.51, 5.47) 2.12 (0.69, 6.55) 6.90 (2.25, 21.17)∗∗ ADHD (n = 154) Crude model 0.85 (0.40,…”
InfluentialCooccurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
Robinson, Z. D., & Riggs, P. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.05.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“An estimated 30% to 50% of adolescents referred to substance treatment meet criteria for ADHD.(33,51) Left untreated, ADHD symptoms such as poor concentration, frustration tolerance, and impulsivity may contribute to poorer substance treatment outcomes.”
BackgroundSpera, V., Pallucchini, A., Maiello, M., Carli, M., Maremmani, A. G. I., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103509 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Generally, SUD is more severe in patients affected by ADHD; indeed, the comorbidity between SUD and ADHD is associated with an earlier age at onset of substance use, a higher likelihood of use of a variety of substances and higher rates of polysubstance use [3].”
BackgroundReed, Z. E., Wootton, R. E., & Munafo, M. R. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15673 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported an association of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) with substance use outcomes [27,28] and ADHD genetic risk with smoking initiation [29,30], supporting impulsivity as a potential shared risk factor, although others—such as risk-taking, or adverse childhood experiences —coul…”
BackgroundChamakalayil, S., Strasser, J., Vogel, M., Brand, S., Walter, M., & Dürsteler, K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.540837 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In adults with ADHD and SUD, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is recommended (22, 58, 59).”
BackgroundCannabis Legalization and College Mental Health
Faria, L. D., Mezey, L., & Winkler, A. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01231-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ivanov, I., Bjork, J. M., Blair, J., & Newcorn, J. H. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104575 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pallanti, S., Porta, F., & Salerno, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.027 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Socio-cognitive functioning in stimulant polysubstance users
Kroll, S. L., Wunderli, M. D., Vonmoos, M., Hulka, L. M., Preller, K. H., Bosch, O. G., Baumgartner, M. R., & Quednow, B. B. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chamberlain, S. R., Lust, K. A., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920001492 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The link with ADHD symptoms may fit with our earlier suggestion that impulsivity constitutes a candidate vulnerability marker for substance use problems—indeed, ADHD does show remarkably high comorbid expression with substance use disorders.(30,31) The finding that cocaine use was linked with treatment for psychologic…”
BackgroundYoung, S., Abbasian, C., Al‐Attar, Z., Branney, P., Colley, B., Cortese, S., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hill, P., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Wilens, T. E., Schepis, T. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22650 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationClub Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients
Martinotti, G., Negri, A., Schiavone, S., Montemitro, C., Vannini, C., Baroni, G., Pettorruso, M., De‐Giorgio, F., Giorgetti, R., Verrastro, V., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00879 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Autism and associated disorders: cannabis as a potential therapy
Babayeva, M., Assefa, H., Basu, P., & Loewy, Z. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.31083/j.fbe1401001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developing a scale of domains of negative consequences of chronic heroin use
Moses, T. E. H., Woodcock, E. A., Lister, J. J., Lundahl, L. H., & Greenwald, M. K. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.027 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Research also suggests early substance use initiation (e.g. marijuana) may be related to deficient inhibitory control (De Bellis et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2014; Zulauf et al., 2014).”
Hjorthøj, C. R., Uddin, M. J., Wimberley, T., Dalsgaard, S., HOUGAARD, D. M., Børglum, A. D., Werge, T. M., & Nordentoft, M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003362 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Selinus, E. N., Molero, Y., Lichtenstein, P., Larson, T., Lundström, S., Anckarsäter, H. S., & Gumpert, C. H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137475 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Koller, D., Mitjans, M., Kouakou, M. R., Friligkou, E., Cabrera‐Mendoza, B., Deak, J. D., Llonga, N., Pathak, G. A., Stiltner, B., Løkhammer, S., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115758 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD who receive treatment earlier in adolescence are less likely to develop SUDs than individuals who receive treatment later, or those who do not receive any (Zulauf et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGanesh, S., Kandasamy, A., Sahayaraj, U. S., & Benegal, V. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/0253-7176.198945 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Compared to the other disorders in externalizing syndrome, the relationship of ADHD with SUD appears more complex.[4] The conceptualization of ADHD along the externalizing spectrum itself is much debated as only the hyperactivity/impulsivity domain shares the underlying trait of behavioral disinhibition.”
BackgroundSchoenmacker, G., Groenman, A. P., Sokolova, E., Oosterlaan, J., Rommelse, N. N. J., Roeyers, H., Oades, R. D., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Heskes, T., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Moreover, individuals with ADHD show an increased risk for developing 11 alcohol, nicotine, and gaming dependence (Charach et al., 2011; Fuemmeler et al., 2007; Kollins et al., 12 2005; Kuss and Griffiths, 2012; Riggs et al., 1999; Wilens, 2004; Zulauf et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDiminished Interoceptive Accuracy in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Bruton, A. M., Levy, L., Rai, N. K., Colgan, D. D., & Johnstone, J. M. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14750 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Drug Use and Mental Health: Comorbidity between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders
Sullivan, M. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84834-7_1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Froude, A. M., Fawcett, E. J., Coles, A. R. L., Drakes, D. H., Harris, N., & Fawcett, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.050 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adamis, D., Fox, N., de Camargo, A. P. P. D. M., Saleem, F., Gavin, B. E., & McNicholas, F. (2022) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174221106826 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Correlates of High-Risk and Low-Risk Alcohol Use among College Students in Kerala, India
Jaisoorya, T. S., Gowda, G. S., Nair, B. S., Menon, P. G., Rani, A., Radhakrishnan, K. S., Revamma, M., Jeevan, C. R., Kishore, A., Thennarasu, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1370748 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“While substance use has been reported as an attempt to self-medicate among those with ADHD, recent work suggests that there could be shared neurobiological and early vulnerabilities, which contribute to the increased risk (Zulauf et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBehavioral processes and risk for problem substance use in adolescents
Acheson, A. (2020) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mihan, R., Shahrivar, Z., Mahmoudi‐Gharaei, J., Shakiba, A., & Hosseini, M. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chiu, M.-L., Cheng, C., Liang, W., Lin, P.-T., Wu, T.-N., & Chen, C. (2018) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2018/5697103 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In addition, one thing that should be noted is that attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adolescence has been suggested to be related to subsequent SRD in adulthood [59, 60].”
BackgroundCook, J., Lloyd-Jones, M., Arunogiri, S., Ogden, E., & Bonomo, Y. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The self-medication hypothesis has been raised by some authors as an explanatory model for stimulant use in individuals with untreated ADHD, with individuals reporting either relief of distress or improved function from illicit stimulant use (Mariani et al., 2014; Wilens, 2004; Zulauf et al., 2014).”
Backgroundvan der Plas, N. E., Noordermeer, S. D. S., Oosterlaan, J., & Luman, M. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.04.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prevalence of adult ADHD in patients with substance use disorder in North East India
Samal, B., Singh, S. G., Ravan, J. R., Heramani, N., Das, R. C., & Das, S. K. (2022) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_250_21 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“[28] They try multiple substances one after another as they might get tolerant to one drug after regular use.”
Jain, R., & Stark, J. G. (2016) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2016.1218259 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Additionally, risk of alcohol use and misuse are higher in youths and adults afflicted with ADHD, which further elevates worries about alcohol-induced dose dumping of stimulant medication and its consequences [20,42,80].”
BackgroundBartoli, F., Callovini, T., Calabrese, A., Cioni, R., Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., & Carrà, G. (2021) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci12010038 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In addition, functional imaging studies have shown that there may be abnormalities in specific brain regions, in particular the frontal-subcortical circuits, in individuals with ADHD and in those with addictive behaviours [45], even though the link with BD seems less clear.”
BackgroundDuncan, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139025515.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kumar, S. (2014) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000314 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Poddar, A., Gaddam, S., Sonnaila, S., Bhavaraju, V. S. M., & Agrawal, S. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6020041 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Additionally, untreated ADHD can lead to comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders, further complicating the lives of those affected [12,13].”
Chen, Y.-H., Chen, M., Wei, H.-T., & Chen, L. (2022) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2022.04.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Physical Exercise Improves Cognition and Health in ADHD
Garcia, T. A. D. (2014) · Journal of Novel Physiotherapies · doi:10.4172/2165-7025.1000208 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Neural Correlates of Self-Regulatory Fatigability During Inhibitory Control of Eye Blinking
Abi‐Jaoude, E., Segura, B., Cho, S. S., Crawley, A. P., & Sandor, P. (2018) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17070140 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, D., Chen, Y., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Chen, H., & Yen, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115824 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD are also at greater risk of various mental health–related comorbidities, such as suicidality [7], depression [8], and substance abuse [9].”
BackgroundChou, W., Liu, T., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Chen, Y.-M., Chang, C., & Yen, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051505 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The core symptoms of ADHD may not only result in academic and occupational underachievement, interpersonal conflict, and strained familial relationships [3] but also increase the risk of suicide [4], traumatic brain injury [5], bone fracture [6], sexually transmitted infection [7], depression [8], and substance abuse…”
BackgroundRubenis, A. J., Fitzpatrick, R. E., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2018) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.09.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thurn, D., Riedner, A., & Wolstein, J. R. (2020) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000508871 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Antoniou, E., Rigas, N., Orovou, E., & Papatrechas, A. (2021) · The Journal of Bioscience and Medicine · doi:10.4236/jbm.2021.94001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The risk of SUD has been proven to be double among ADHD people and four times higher among those with ADHD and comorbid conduct disorder [50].”
BackgroundLópez-Toro, E., Wolf, C. J. H., González, R. A., van den Brink, W., Schellekens, A., Vélez‐Pastrana, M. C., & on behalf of the AFP Working Collaborative Group (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102883 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Craving for heroin: difference between methadone maintenance therapy patients with and without ADHD
Coppola, M., Sacchetto, G., & Mondola, R. (2019) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0159 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lorenzo, R. D., Latella, E., Gualtieri, F., Adriani, A., Ferri, P., & Filippini, T. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030244 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pallucchini, A., Carli, M., Maremmani, A. G. I., Scarselli, M., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091984 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“On the other hand, ADHD in individuals with SUD complicates the diagnosis and treatment [19].”
BackgroundHavemann‐Reinecke, U., Hoch, E., Preuss, U. W., Kiefer, F., Batra, A., Gerlinger, G., & Hauth, I. (2017) · PubMed · doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0248-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Song, B. B., Agle, Z. W., Anderson, Z. S., Masjedi, A. D., Yao, J. A., Matsuzaki, S., Mandelbaum, R. S., Ouzounian, J. G., & Matsuo, K. (2025) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.01.034 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Situating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the externalizing spectrum
Mahadevan, J., Kandasamy, A., & Benegal, V. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_549_18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Co-occurring conduct or bipolar disorders (with ADHD) confer the highest risk for SUD.[33] It is a matter of concern that ADHD and its other comorbidities, remain underidentified and undertreated in addiction treatment centres, leading to greater recidivism.”
Jaisoorya, T. S., Desai, G., Nair, B. S., Rani, A., Menon, P. G., & Thennarasu, K. (2019) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap1771 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Wilens, T. E., Schepis, T. S., Werner, K. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230418 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults
Chutko, L. S., Surushkina, S. Y., Yakovenko, E. A., & Cherednichenko, D. V. (2024) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202412402197 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Baroni, M., Bastiani, L., Scalese, M., Biagioni, S., Denoth, F., Fizzarotti, C., Potente, R., Miniati, M., Menicucci, D., & Molinaro, S. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2024.2388230 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“On the other hand, both ADHD and problematic substance use share some neurophysiological deficits (Kozak et al., 2019; Ortal et al., 2015; Zulauf et al., 2014).”
Assayag, N., Berger, I., Parush, S., Mell, H., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052541 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
van Kernebeek, M. V., Vorspan, F., Crunelle, C., van den Brink, W., Dom, G., Moggi, F., Konstenius, M., Franck, J., Levin, F., van de Glind, G., et al. (2022) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2022.02.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Saleh, A., Fuchs, C., Taylor, W. D., & Niarhos, F. J. (2017) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1377206 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Increased awareness of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults may be related to gradually increasing prevalence rate in the last few decades, to reach up to 5% of the population.(1) It is estimated that up to 60% of childhood ADHD cases will continue to have clinically significant ADHD symptoms as a…”
BackgroundDuncan, P. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139025515 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
Antshel, K. M., & McBride, H. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00056-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sense of Coherence Is Associated with Functional Impairment in Individuals Diagnosed with ADHD
Dayan, H., Khoury‐Kassabri, M., & Pollak, Y. (2025) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci7020060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“ADHD is also associated with various forms of substance abuse, including tobacco and marijuana smoking, alcohol drinking, and illicit drug use [2,22–24].”
Muhammad, N., Murugesan, B. G., Singal, P., Antai, A., & Jain, L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37372 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Symptoms can also vary widely from person to person [1], thus making ADHD in adults challenging to diagnose.”
BackgroundReyes, I. C., & Cruz‐Bermúdez, N. D. (2023) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.10.2.62 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“As is known, ADHD and SUD are common comorbidities (Zulauf et al., 2014).”
Treatment of Comorbid Substance Use Disorders and ADHD in Youth
Carrellas, N. W., Wilens, T., & Anselmo, R. (2016) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-016-0072-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationKuzmickaitė, J., Leskauskas, D., & Gylytė, O. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319870974 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lopera, S. D., O’Kane, V. M., Goldhirsh, J. L., & Piper, B. J. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231177467 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Atomoxetine for the Treatment of ADHD in Incarcerated Adolescents.
Jillani, S., Patel, P., Trestman, R. L., & Kamath, J. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luderer, M., Seidt, J., Gerhardt, S., Hoffmann, S., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Reif, A., & Sobanski, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1112843 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“ADHD did not differ from AUD regarding selfreported hyperactivity, implicating that increased hyperactivity is a possible pathway from childhood ADHD to development of AUD later in adolescence or early adulthood, probably to reduce unpleasant hyperactivity or restlessness (46).”
BackgroundThe relationship between addiction and hikikomori tendencies: a case-control study
Muris, P., van de Pasch, V., van Kessel, J., & Peet, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1273865 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zulauf, C. A., Sprich, S. E., Safren, S. A., & Wilens, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilens, Timothy E.
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2014-02-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 436-436
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC4414493
- OpenAlex
- W2025736977
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH094214)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, comorbidities, adolescents, young adults, ADHD medication, conduct disorder, psychotherapy, relapse prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antidepressive Agents, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Central Nervous System Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Psychotherapy, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
