Four decades of outcome research on psychotherapies for adult depression: an overview of a series of meta-analyses.
Open accessAbstract
In the past 4 decades about 500 randomized trials have examined the effects of psychological treatments of adult depression. In this article the results of a series of meta-analyses of these trials are summarised. Several types of psychotherapy have been examined, including cognitive behaviour therapy, behavioural activation therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, nondirective supportive therapy, and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. All therapies are effective and there are no significant differences between treatments. Psychotherapies are about equally effective as pharmacotherapy, and combined treatments are more effective than either of these alone. Therapies are also effective in specific target groups, such as older adults, college students, patients with general medical disorders, but may be somewhat less effective in chronic depression, and in patients with comorbid substance use disorders. Treatments are effective when delivered in individual, group, and guided self-help format. The effects of psychotherapies have been overestimated because of the low quality of many trials and due to publication bias. Future research should not be aimed at the development of new psychotherapies for depression, on specific treatment formats or on therapies in specific populations, because the evidence indicates that all types and formats with human involvement are effective in all specific target groups. Future research should instead focus on a further reduction of the disease burden of depression. Specifically, it should focus on the possibilities of preventing the onset of depressive disorders, treatments of chronic and treatment-resistant depression, relapse prevention, and scaling up treatments, for example by using more guided self-help interventions.
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Effect sizes are related to the type of control group, with waiting list control groups typically yielding the largest effects.
“However, these results are in line with the common finding that effect sizes are related to the type of control group [154], with waiting list control groups typically yielding the largest effects [155].”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
All psychotherapies are equally effective (the Dodo bird verdict).
“The active control is a particularly important component given the strong evidence of the Dodo bird verdict; that all psychotherapies are equally effective (Luborsky et al., 2006; Cuijpers and Pim, 2017).”
From Mindfulness Training for People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: Rationale, Current Research, and Future Directions (2018) · cites this paper as Cuijpers and Pim, 2017
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Psychological treatment of perinatal depression: a meta-analysis
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From living systematic reviews to meta-analytical research domains
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Long-term effects of youth work internship: The Project Youth Extension Service approach
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Yoga v Health Education for Attentional Processes Relevant to Major Depressive Disorder
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- Authors
- Cuijpers, P.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, Pim
- ORCID
- Cuijpers, Pim
- Venue
- Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-19
- ISSN
- 0708-5591 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-7304
- OpenAlex
- W2585493186
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 27.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- adult depression, psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral activation, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, supportive therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, combination therapy, treatment-resistant depression, chronic depression, substance use disorders, older adults, university students, group therapy, guided self-help, publication bias, trial quality, depression prevention, relapse prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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