The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 94 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 71 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous comorbidities, including hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing, certain cancers, and major cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Because of its maladaptive effects on various CV risk factors and its adverse effects on CV structure and function, obesity has a major impact on CV diseases, such as heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), sudden cardiac death, and atrial fibrillation, and is associated with reduced overall survival. Despite this adverse association, numerous studies have documented an obesity paradox in which overweight and obese people with established CV disease, including HTN, HF, CHD, and peripheral arterial disease, have a better prognosis compared with nonoverweight/nonobese patients. This review summarizes the adverse effects of obesity on CV disease risk factors and its role in the pathogenesis of various CV diseases, reviews the obesity paradox and potential explanations for these puzzling data, and concludes with a discussion regarding the current state of weight reduction in the prevention and treatment of CV diseases.
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Claims the paper makes
47 Not checked yet · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Likewise, in a study of over 1,500 CHD patients, intentional weight loss from a 6-month dietary program also produced a lower incidence of CHD events over 4 years (78).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [78] Eilat-Adar, 2005, Association of intentional changes in body weight with coronary heart disease event rates in overweight subjects who have an additional coronary risk factor, Am J Epidemiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening summary (p. 1) reports 1,669 participants and a lower four-year CHD incidence associated with intentional weight loss after at least six months of dietetic counseling. But participants were explicitly without CHD at enrollment, not CHD patients. The study was observational, so its finding of an association does not establish that weight loss produced the lower incidence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirectn = 1,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“In a study of 530 patients, we noted marked improvements in CHD risk factors among overweight and obese CHD patients who lost weight, including CRP, lipids, and glucose, and this group had a trend of lower mortality (48).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Lavie, 2009, The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease, Am J Med source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 530- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In a small subgroup of 45 obese patients with 5% or more weight loss (average 10%) after cardiac rehabilitation, we noted more significant improvements in exercise capacity and plasma lipids than in 81 obese patients who did not lose weight (76).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Lavie, 1997, Effects of cardiac rehabilitation, exercise training, and weight reduction on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in obese coronary patients, Am J Cardiol source
plaincorrelationaln = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a study of 530 patients, we noted marked improvements in CHD risk factors among overweight and obese CHD patients who lost weight, including CRP, lipids, and glucose, and this group had a trend of lower mortality (48).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Lavie, 2009, The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease, Am J Med source
plaindirectn = 530- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a study of 5,881 Framingham Heart Study participants, Kenchaiah et al. (30) showed that during a 14-year follow-up, for every 1 kg/m 2 increment in BMI, the risk of HF increased 5% in men and 7% in women.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Kenchaiah, 2002, Obesity and the risk of heart failure, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These abnormalities not only increase the risk of HF, but LA enlargement may increase the risk of AF and its morbid complications discussed later (20).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Effects of Obesity on Hemodynamics and CV Structure and Function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Wang, 2004, Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation, JAMA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, however, other studies assessing mortality based on body fat and lean mass rather than BMI or weight alone have suggested that subjects losing body fat rather than lean mass have a lower mortality (67,69).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During 2-year follow up, all-cause mortality was 30% lower in overweight and obese patients, despite less effective blood pressure control in these patients compared with the normal weight group.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Uretsky, 2007, Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease, Am J Med source
plaincorrelationaln = 22,576- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to LV structural abnormalities, obesity also leads to left atrial (LA) enlargement, both from increased circulating blood volume as well as abnormal LV diastolic filling (14,19).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Effects of Obesity on Hemodynamics and CV Structure and Function
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even independent of arterial pressure and age, obesity increases the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), as well as other structural abnormalities, including concentric remodeling (CR) and concentric LVH (18).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Effects of Obesity on Hemodynamics and CV Structure and Function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Lavie, 2007, Disparate effects of left ventricular geometry and obesity on mortality in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, Am J Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
In the paper
“Recently, we noted marked reductions after cardiac rehabilitation in CRP levels in obese CHD patients, whereas lean patients had only slight and nonsignificant declines in CRP (77).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Lavie, 2008, Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on coronary risk factors, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in obese coronary patients, J Cardiometab Syndr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Considering that some long-term studies have shown that weight loss in overweight and obesity is associated with increased mortality coupled with many CV studies showing a better prognosis with a higher BMI, it has been suggested that purposeful weight loss may not be beneficial and may even be detrimental in patients with CV diseases (31,66 -68).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Horwich, 2001, The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Fonarow, 2002, Obesity, weight reduction and survival in heart failure: reply, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Allison, 1999, Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rates: results from two independent cohort studies, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Sierra-Johnson, 2008, Prognostic importance of weight loss in patients with coronary heart disease regardless of initial body mass index, Eur Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The adipocyte acts as an endocrine organ, and plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis and complications of obesity (1,10).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Pathophysiology
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent evidence indicates that obesity is associated with more morbidity than smoking, alcoholism, and poverty, and if current trends continue, obesity may soon overtake cigarette abuse as the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. (6 -8).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Lavie, 2003, Obesity and cardiovascular disease: the Hippocrates paradox?, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Manson, 2003, Obesity in the United States: a fresh look at its high toll, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Sturm, 2001, Does obesity contribute as much to morbidity as poverty or smoking?, Public Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, OSA may contribute to the pathogenesis of HTN and increased inflammation and CRP (61).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > -Hippocrates (54)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Shamsuzzaman, 2002, Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with the prevalence among adults increasing by nearly 50% during the 1980s and 1990s (5); now, nearly 70% of adults are classified as overweight or obese compared with fewer than 25% 40 years ago (5)(6)(7).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Flegal, 2002, Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Lavie, 2003, Obesity and cardiovascular disease: the Hippocrates paradox?, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Manson, 2003, Obesity in the United States: a fresh look at its high toll, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity is a classic cause of alveolar hypoventilation and the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome (60).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > -Hippocrates (54)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Trollo, 1996, Obstructive sleep apnea, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We have also documented the inverse relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality in over 30,000 patients with preserved LV systolic function referred for echocardiography (18).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Lavie, 2007, Disparate effects of left ventricular geometry and obesity on mortality in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, Am J Cardiol source
boostedcorrelationaln = 30,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of its maladaptive effects on various CV risk factors and its adverse effects on CV structure and function, obesity has a major impact on CV diseases, such as heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), sudden cardiac death, and atrial fibrillation, and is associated with reduced overall survival.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in patients with a BMI Ն35 kg/m 2 , there was an excess risk for CV mortality without any increase in total mortality.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Romero-Corral, 2006, Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous comorbidities, including hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing, certain cancers, and major cardiovascular (CV) diseases.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Lavie, 2003, Obesity and cardiovascular disease: the Hippocrates paradox?, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Typically, obese patients have a higher cardiac output but a lower level of total peripheral resistance at any given level of arterial pressure (14,15).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Effects of Obesity on Hemodynamics and CV Structure and Function
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the subgroup of 5 population-based studies enrolling 78,602 patients, obese patients had a nearly 50% increased risk of developing AF that escalated with increasing BMI.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Wanahita, 2008, Atrial fibrillation and obesity—results of a meta-analysis, Am Heart J source
plaincorrelationaln = 78,602- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, in an analysis of BMI and in-hospital mortality for 108,927 decompensated HF patients, higher BMI was associated with lower mortality (35).”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Consequences of Obesity · plain
“In fact, for every 5-unit increase in BMI, the risk of mortality was 10% lower (p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Fonarow, 2007, An obesity paradox in acute heart failure: analysis of body mass index and inhospital mortality for 108,927 patients in the acute decompensated heart failure national registry, Am Heart J source
plaincorrelationaln = 108,927- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Clinical Consequences of Obesity · plain
In the paper
“A recent study of nearly 360,000 participants from 9 European countries showed that both general obesity and abdominal adiposity are associated with risk of death and support the importance of WC or WHR in addition to BMI for assessing mortality risk (4).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Pischon, 2008, General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelationaln = 360,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certainly, starvation, very-low-calorie diets, liquid protein diets, and obesity surgeries have been associated with prolongation of the QTc interval and increased risk of malignant dysrhythmias (1), and various pharmacologic agents have either limited efficacy or considerable toxicity (70 -72).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Poirier, 2006, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Connolly, 1997, Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Albenhaim, 1996, Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Zannad, 2002, Effects of sibutramine on ventricular dimensions and heart valves in obese patients during weight reduction, Am Heart J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity increases total blood volume and cardiac output, and cardiac workload is greater in obesity.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Effects of Obesity on Hemodynamics and CV Structure and Function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Alpert, 2001, Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology and evolution of the clinical syndrome, Am J Med Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study also showed a powerful obesity paradox, with progressive reductions in mortality in normal BMI, overweight, and obese groups compared with underweight patients.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Clinical Consequences of Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Galal, 2009, The obesity paradox in patients with peripheral arterial disease: the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chest source
boosteddirectn = 2,392- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, for each 1-U increase in BMI, there was an increase of 4% in the risk of ischemic stroke and 6% for hemorrhagic stroke (1,53).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Obesity and stroke.
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a multivariate model, leptin was an independent predictor of CV events, whereas CRP was not.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Pathophysiology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, increased concentrations of both CRP and leptin were associated with an increased risk of major CV events, but leptin seems to be a more robust predictor (13).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Pathophysiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Romero-Corral, 2008, Relationships between leptin and C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease in the adult general population, Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“a recent small study suggests that bariatric surgery is safe and effective in patients with severe systolic HF (87).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Ramani, 2008, Safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients with severe systolic heart failure, Clin Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In HF, despite the obesity paradox, trials have suggested that weight loss can induce improvements in LV mass as well as in systolic and diastolic ventricular function (14).”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Alpert, 2001, Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology and evolution of the clinical syndrome, Am J Med Sci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although 30-day mortality after gastric bypass has recently been reported to be higher than expected, closely linked to surgeon inexperience (80)”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Flum, 2004, Impact of gastric bypass operation on survival: a population-based analysis, J Am Coll Surg source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Weight loss also was associated with marked improvements in LV chamber size, LV end-systolic wall stress, and systolic and diastolic LV function.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Alpert, 1997, Cardiac morphology and left ventricular function in normotensive morbidly obese patients with and without congestive heart failure, and effect of weight loss, Am J Cardiol source
plaincorrelationaln = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies support purposeful weight reduction in overweight and obese CHD patients, despite the obesity paradox.”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“more studies are now showing that these surgical procedures are associated with short-and long-term improvements in major morbidity and all-cause mortality, particularly related with cancers, DM, and CV diseases”
§ STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Paradox, and Impact of Weight Loss > Status of Weight Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Adams, 2007, Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Sjöström, 2007, Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Christou, 2004, Surgery decreases long-term mortality, morbidity, and health care use in morbidly obese patients, Ann Surg source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Further weight reduction cannot be considered protective against CVD.366 -369”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [369]
In the citing paper
“If, at the population level, obesity is associated with an increased risk of CVD incidence and mortality, among those with established coronary artery disease, the evidence is contradictory.”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [369]
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews of patients with coronary artery disease or undergoing PCI have suggested an 'obesity paradox' whereby obesity appears protective against an adverse prognosis.366 -369”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [369]
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
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“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73, 74 ).”
BackgroundPrevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects
Sjöström, L., Narbro, K., Sjöström, C. D., Karason, K., Larsson, B., Wedel, H., Lystig, T., Sullivan, M., Bouchard, C., Carlsson, B., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066254 · Cited by 4,668
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Obesity and the risk of heart failure
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Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery
Adams, T. D., Gress, R. E., Smith, S. C., Halverson, R. C., Simper, S. C., Rosamond, W. D., LaMonte, M. J., Stroup, A. M., & Hunt, S. C. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066603 · Cited by 2,572
General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe
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Impact of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Elasticity
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O.
- Affiliations
- Ochsner Health System (US)
- Ochsner Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lavie, Carl J.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1925-1932
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1598667444
- Cited by
- 2,326
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 152 · 2013: 153 · 2012: 135
- FWCI
- 20.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, cardiovascular disease, obesity paradox, heart failure, coronary artery disease, sudden cardiac death, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular risk factors, weight loss, obesity pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Weight Loss, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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