The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity
Open accessAbstract
The immune system has tailored its effector functions to optimally respond to distinct species of microbes. Based on emerging knowledge on the different effector T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineages, it is clear that the innate and adaptive immune systems converge into 3 major kinds of cell-mediated effector immunity, which we propose to categorize as type 1, type 2, and type 3. Type 1 immunity consists of T-bet(+) IFN-γ-producing group 1 ILCs (ILC1 and natural killer cells), CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (TC1), and CD4(+) TH1 cells, which protect against intracellular microbes through activation of mononuclear phagocytes. Type 2 immunity consists of GATA-3(+) ILC2s, TC2 cells, and TH2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which induce mast cell, basophil, and eosinophil activation, as well as IgE antibody production, thus protecting against helminthes and venoms. Type 3 immunity is mediated by retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt(+) ILC3s, TC17 cells, and TH17 cells producing IL-17, IL-22, or both, which activate mononuclear phagocytes but also recruit neutrophils and induce epithelial antimicrobial responses, thus protecting against extracellular bacteria and fungi. On the other hand, type 1 and 3 immunity mediate autoimmune diseases, whereas type 2 responses can cause allergic diseases.
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The presence of significant numbers of macrophages, NK cells, and CD8 T cells, and the absence of B cells in the AAV-treated retina suggests a predominantly type 1 cell-mediated response coordinated by CD4 TH1 cells.
“The presence of significant numbers of macrophages, NK cells, and CD8 T cells, and the absence of B cells in the AAV-treated retina, suggests a predominantly type 1 cell-mediated response coordinated by CD4 TH1 cells.39”
From Characterizing the cellular immune response to subretinal AAV gene therapy in the murine retina (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
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Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19
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- Authors
- Annunziato, F., Romagnani, C., & Romagnani, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Romagnani, Sergio
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 626-635
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043416239
- Cited by
- 818
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 30
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- type 1 immune response, Th2 immune response, type 3 immunity, innate lymphoid cells, ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, mononuclear phagocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, IgE, autoimmune disease, allergic diseases, helminthiasis
- MeSH terms
- Basophils, Communicable Diseases, Eosinophils, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Mast Cells, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Biomarkers, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Autoimmunity, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Th2 Cells, Adaptive Immunity, Th17 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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