Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUNDCoronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen clearance; however, in some patients an excessive and aberrant host immune response can lead to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. The comprehension of the mechanisms that regulate pathogen elimination, immunity, and pathology is essential to better characterize disease progression and widen the spectrum of therapeutic options.METHODSWe performed a flow cytometric characterization of immune cell subsets from 30 patients with COVID-19 and correlated these data with clinical outcomes.RESULTSPatients with COVID-19 showed decreased numbers of circulating T, B, and NK cells and exhibited a skewing of CD8+ T cells toward a terminally differentiated/senescent phenotype. In agreement, CD4+ T and CD8+ T, but also NK cells, displayed reduced antiviral cytokine production capability. Moreover, a reduced cytotoxic potential was identified in patients with COVID-19, particularly in those who required intensive care. The latter group of patients also showed increased serum IL-6 levels that inversely correlated to the frequency of granzyme A-expressing NK cells. Off-label treatment with tocilizumab restored the cytotoxic potential of NK cells.CONCLUSIONThe association between IL-6 serum levels and the impairment of cytotoxic activity suggests the possibility that targeting this cytokine may restore antiviral mechanisms.FUNDINGThis study was supported by funds from the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine of University of Florence (the ex-60% fund and the "Excellence Departments 2018-2022 Project") derived from Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Italy).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Still other studies find no differences in CD8+ T cell function between severe and mild COVID-19.
“For CD8+ T cells, there are reports of diminished CD8+ cytotoxicity and cytokine production in severe cases126,132, while others report the opposite141, and still others find no differences142.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Other studies found no differences in CD4+ T cell effector functions between severe and mild COVID-19.
“Some studies have found reduced effector functions for CD4+ T cells, i.e. IFNγ/IL-2/TNFα production, in patients with severe disease141, while others have seen no differences142.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · see citing works
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244 · see citing works
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · see citing works
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286 · see citing works
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z · Cited by 8,436 · see citing works
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus
Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02145 · Cited by 5,923 · see citing works
Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
Zaki, A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1211721 · Cited by 5,677 · see citing works
Hamming, I., Timens, W., Bulthuis, M., Lely, A., Navis, G., & van Goor, H. (2004) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1570 · Cited by 5,676 · see citing works
Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019
Chen, G., Wu, D., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Yu, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci137244 · Cited by 4,750 · see citing works
Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome
Drosten, C., Günther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, H.-R., Becker, S., Rabenau, H., Panning, M., Kolesnikova, L., Fouchier, R. A. M., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030747 · Cited by 4,574 · see citing works
A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Tg, K., Erdman, D. D., Cs, G., Zaki, Peret, T. C. T., Emery, S. L., Tong, S., Urbani, C., Comer, J. A., Lim, W., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030781 · Cited by 4,345 · see citing works
Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00127-20 · Cited by 4,341 · cited 2× · see citing works
“ACE2 is expressed in the respiratory tract, by mucosal epithelial cells, lung alveolar type 2 pneumocytes, and arterial and venous endothelial cells but also in other tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for the mild enteritis that sometimes is present in patients with COVID-19 (15, 16).”
BackgroundChannappanavar, R., & Perlman, S. (2017) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x · Cited by 2,524 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
Lü, X., Zhang, L., Du, H. N., Zhang, J., Li, Y. Y., Qu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Bao, S., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2005073 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
CD8 T Cell Exhaustion During Chronic Viral Infection and Cancer
McLane, L. M., Abdel-Hakeem, M. S., & Wherry, E. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055318 · Cited by 1,973 · see citing works
Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor
Ge, X.-Y., Li, J.-L., Yang, X.-L., Chmura, A. A., Zhu, G., Epstein, J. H., Mazet, J. K., Hu, B., Zhang, W., Peng, C., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12711 · Cited by 1,778 · cited 1× · see citing works
“D-dimer interact directly with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via the S protein to enter target cells (12, 13).”
BackgroundShimabukuro‐Vornhagen, A., Gödel, P., Subklewe, M. S., Stemmler, H., Schlößer, H., Schlaak, M. S., Kochanek, M., Böll, B., & von Bergwelt‐Baildon, M. S. (2018) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0343-9 · Cited by 1,673 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Acs, A., Adam, D., Adam‐Klages, S., Agace, W. W., Aghaeepour, N., Akdiş, M., Allez, M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201970107 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Self-citationThe 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity
Annunziato, F., Romagnani, C., & Romagnani, S. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.001 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural insights into coronavirus entry
(2019) · Advances in Virus Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.002 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
CD8 T Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Opportunities for Interventions
Hashimoto, M., Kamphorst, A. O., Im, S. J., Kissick, H. T., Pillai, R. N., Ramalingam, S. S., Araki, K., & Ahmed, R. (2018) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-012017-043208 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses
Channappanavar, R., Zhao, J., & Perlman, S. (2014) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-014-8534-z · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of IFN-γ to Up-Regulate MHC Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation
Zhou, F. (2009) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830180902978120 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Chen, J., Lau, Y. F., Lamirande, E. W., Paddock, C. D., Bartlett, J. H., Zaki, S. R., & Subbarao, K. (2009) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01281-09 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis
Shin, E., Sung, P. S., & Park, S. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.69 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses
Dong Kim, K., Zhao, J., Auh, S., Yang, X., Du, P., Tang, H., & Fu, Y.-X. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1633 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Zhao, J., & Perlman, S. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01049-10 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Bi, J., & Tian, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00760 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Functional signatures of protective antiviral T‐cell immunity in human virus infections
Harari, A., Dutoit, V., Cellerai, C., Bart, P., Pasquier, R. D., & Pantaleo, G. (2006) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00395.x · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Cifaldi, L., Prencipe, G., Caiello, I., Bracaglia, C., Locatelli, F., Benedetti, F. D., & Strippoli, R. (2015) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.39295 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Balancing Immune Protection and Immune Pathology by CD8+ T-Cell Responses to Influenza Infection
Duan, S., & Thomas, P. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00025 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Involvement of Natural Killer Cells in the Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Available, N. A. N. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/wpk7y2xknf4cbf3r · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Song, H., Josleyn, N. M., Janosko, K. B., Skinner, J., Reeves, R. K., Cohen, M., Jett, C., Johnson, R., Blaney, J. E., Bollinger, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077804 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Not so fast: adaptive suppression of innate immunity
Palm, N. W., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1007-1142b · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Boldt, A., Borte, S., Fricke, S., Kentouche, K., Emmrich, F., Borte, M., Kahlenberg, F., & Sack, U. (2014) · Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry · doi:10.1002/cyto.b.21162 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tanner, J. E., & Tosato, G. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115283 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Marquardt, N., Ivarsson, M. A., Blom, K. G., Gonzalez, V. D., Braun, M., Falconer, K., Gustafsson, R. K. L., Fogdell‐Hahn, A., Sandberg, J. K., & Michaëlsson, J. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401811 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Boldt, A., Borte, S., Fricke, S., Kentouche, K., Emmrich, F., Borte, M., Kahlenberg, F., & Sack, U. (2014) · Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry · doi:10.1002/cytob.21162 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression and natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction and anergy in heart failure
Vredevoe, D. L., Widawski, M., Fonarow, G. C., Hamilton, M. A., Martı́nez-Maza, O., & Gage, J. R. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.054 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Scheid, C., Young, R., McDermott, R. H., Fitzsimmons, L., Scarffe, J. H., & Stern, P. L. (1994) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/bf01526207 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Rapidly Induces a CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion–like Phenotype
Erickson, J. J., Wang, L., Wen, S. C., Hastings, A. K., Gilchuk, P., Joyce, S., Shyr, Y., & Williams, J. V. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1403004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Piccirillo, M., Ascierto, P., Atripaldi, L., Cascella, M., Costantini, M., Dolci, G., Facciolongo, N., Fraganza, F., Marata, A., Massari, M., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106165 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Scheid, C., Young, R., McDermott, R., et al. (1994) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s002620050044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
COVID-19: Wer stirbt, wer überlebt?
Eckert, A. J. (2020) · MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin · doi:10.1007/s15006-020-0419-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Channappanavar R, Zhao J, Perlman S. T cell-me- diated immune response to respiratory coronavi- ruses. Immunol Res. 2014;59(1-3):118-128.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
T cell responses in patients with COVID-19
Chen, Z., & John Wherry, E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0402-6 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity
Osuchowski, M., Winkler, M., Skirecki, T., Cajander, S., Shankar-Hari, M., Lachmann, G., Monneret, G., Venet, F., Bauer, M., Brunkhorst, F., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00218-6 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity
Maucourant, C., Filipovic, I., Ponzetta, A., Aleman, S., Cornillet, M., Hertwig, L., Strunz, B., Lentini, A., Reinius, B., Brownlie, D., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6832 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA)—From Immunology to Treatment
Arastehfar, A. A., Carvalho, A., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Jenks, J. D., Koehler, P. A., Krause, R., Cornely, O. A., Perlin, D. S., Lass‐Flörl, C., & Hoenigl, M. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6020091 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system
Bartleson, J. M., Radenkovic, D., Covarrubias, A. J., Furman, D., Winer, D. A., & Verdin, E. (2021) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
Shrotri, M., van Schalkwyk, M. C. I., Post, N., Eddy, D., Huntley, C., Leeman, D., Rigby, S., Williams, S., Bermingham, W., Kellam, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245532 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
An immune-based biomarker signature is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients
Abers, M. S., Delmonte, O. M., Ricotta, E., Fintzi, J., Fink, D. L., de Jesus, A. A., Zarember, K. A., Alehashemi, S., Oikonomou, V., Desai, J. V., et al. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.144455 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Lymphopenia during the COVID-19 infection: What it shows and what can be learned
Tavakolpour, S., Rakhshandehroo, T., Wei, E. X., & Rashidian, M. (2020) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.013 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19
Rodríguez, Y., Novelli, L., Rojas, M., Santis, M. D., Acosta‐Ampudia, Y., Monsalve, D. M., Ramı́rez-Santana, C., Costanzo, A., Ridgway, W. M., Ansari, A. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102506 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Clinical criteria for COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome: a cohort study
Webb, B. J., Peltan, I. D., Jensen, P., Hoda, D., Hunter, B. D., Silver, A. E., Starr, N. J., Buckel, W. R., Grisel, N., Hummel, E., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30343-x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Tebas, P., Yang, S., Boyer, J., Reuschel, E. L., Patel, A. R., Christensen-Quick, A., Andrade, V. M., Morrow, M. P., Kraynyak, K. A., Agnes, J. T., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100689 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells
Witkowski, M., Tizian, C., Ferreira‐Gomes, M., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Heinrich, F., Frischbutter, S., Angermair, S., Hohnstein, T., Mattiola, I., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04142-6 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Gallo, O., Locatello, L. G., Mazzoni, A., Novelli, L., & Annunziato, F. (2020) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationThe SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF3a inhibits fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes
Zhang, Y., Sun, H., Pei, R., Mao, B., Zhao, Z., Li, H., Lin, Y., & Lu, K. (2021) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00268-z · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Confronting the controversy: interleukin-6 and the COVID-19 cytokine storm syndrome
Chen, L. Y. C., Hoiland, R. L., Stukas, S. K., Wellington, C. L., & Sekhon, M. S. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03006-2020 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Belsky, J. A., Tullius, B. P., Lamb, M. G., Sayegh, R., Stanek, J. R., & Auletta, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.022 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases
Maciel-Fiuza, M. F., Müller, G. C., Campos, D. M. S., Costa, P. D. S. S., Peruzzo, J., Bonamigo, R. R., Veit, T. D., & Vianna, F. S. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1098386 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies
Kasuga, Y., Zhu, B., Jang, K., & Yoo, J. (2021) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-021-00602-1 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Rha, M., Jeong, H. W., Ko, J. H., Choi, S. J., Seo, I., Lee, J. S., Sa, M., Kim, A. R., Joo, E., Ahn, J. Y., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Vella, L. A., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Diorio, C. J., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Alanio, C., Pampena, M. B., Wu, J. E., Chen, Z., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7570 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue
Theoharides, T. C., Cholevas, C., Polyzoidis, K. S., & Politis, A. M. (2021) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1726 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection
Synowiec, A., Szczepański, A., Barreto-Durán, E., Lie, L. K., & Pyrć, K. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00133-20 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Gritti, G., Raimondi, F., Bottazzi, B., Ripamonti, D., Riva, I., Landi, F., Alborghetti, L., Frigeni, M., Damiani, M., Micò, M. C., et al. (2021) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-021-01299-x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
SARS–CoV-2–specific T cell responses and correlations with COVID-19 patient predisposition
Sattler, A., Angermair, S., Stockmann, H., Heim, K. M., Khadzhynov, D., Treskatsch, S., Halleck, F., Kreis, M. E., & Kotsch, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci140965 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19
Rha, M., & Shin, E. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
CD8+ T cell-intrinsic IL-6 signaling promotes resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy
Huseni, M. A., Wang, L., Klementowicz, J. E., Yuen, K. C. Y., Bréart, B., Orr, C., Liu, L.-F., Li, Y., Gupta, V., Li, C., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100878 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Sun, B., Tang, N., Peluso, M. J., Iyer, N. S., Torres, L., Donatelli, J. L., Munter, S. E., Nixon, C. C., Rutishauser, R. L., Rodríguez-Barraquer, I., et al. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020386 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
T Cells: Warriors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
de Candia, P., Prattichizzo, F., Garavelli, S., & Matarese, G. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.11.002 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Obesity: Dangerous Liaisons
Caci, G., Albini, A., Malerba, M., Noonan, D. M., Pochetti, P., & Polosa, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082511 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Dong, W., Mead, H., Tian, L., Park, J., García, J. I., Jaramillo, S. A., Barr, T., Kollath, D. S., Coyne, V. K., Stone, N. E., et al. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1128/jvi.00964-21 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease
André, S., Picard, M., Cezar, R., Roux‐Dalvai, F., Alleaume‐Butaux, A., Soundaramourty, C., Cruz, A. S., Mendes‐Frias, A., Gotti, C., Leclercq, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-00936-x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19
van Eeden, C., Khan, L., Osman, M. S., & Tervaert, J. W. C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176351 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2: characteristics and current advances in research
Yang, Y., Xiao, Z., Ye, K., He, X., Sun, B., Qin, Z., Yu, J., Yao, J., Wu, Q., Bao, Z., et al. (2020) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-020-01369-z · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Chioh, F. W., Fong, S., Young, B. E., Wu, K. X., Siau, A., Krishnan, S., Chan, Y., Carissimo, G., Teo, L. L., Gao, F., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64909 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination
Bertoletti, A., Le Bert, N., Qui, M., & Tan, A. T. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00743-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Metabolic programs define dysfunctional immune responses in severe COVID-19 patients
Thompson, E. A., Cascino, K., Ordoñez, A. A., Zhou, W., Vaghasia, A. M., Hamacher‐Brady, A., Brady, N. R., Sun, I., Wang, R., Rosenberg, A. Z., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108863 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies
Market, M., Angka, L., Martel, A. B., Bastin, D. J., Olanubi, O., Tennakoon, G., Boucher, D. M., Ng, J., Ardolino, M., & Auer, R. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?
Theoharides, T. C. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Rivas, M. N., Ebinger, J. E., Wu, M., Sun, N., Braun, J. G., Sobhani, K., Eyk, J. E. V., Cheng, S. C., & Arditi, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci145157 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Primorac, D., Vrdoljak, K., Brlek, P., Pavelić, E., Molnar, V., Matišić, V., Ivkošić, I. E., & Parčina, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.848582 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Metabolic programs tailor T cell immunity in viral infection, cancer, and aging
Møller, S. H., Hsueh, P., Yu, Y.-R., Zhang, L., & Ho, P. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.003 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Altered ISGylation drives aberrant macrophage-dependent immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection
Munnur, D., Teo, Q. W., Eggermont, D., Lee, H. H. Y., Théry, F., Ho, J., van Leur, S. W., Ng, W. W., Siu, L. Y.-L., Beling, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01035-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2
Riggioni, C., Comberiati, P., Giovannini, M., Agache, I. O., Akdiş, M., Alves‐Correia, M., Antó, J. M., Arcolacı, A., Azkur, A. K., Azkur, D., et al. (2020) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14449 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics
Ritter, A., Kreis, N., Louwen, F., & Yuan, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165793 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?
Li, Q., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Knopf, J., i, M. H., Lin, L., Jiang, J., Shao, C., Li, P., He, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01015-x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Gangaev, A., Ketelaars, S. L. C., Isaeva, O. I., Patiwael, S., Dopler, A., Hoefakker, K., De Biasi, S., Gibellini, L., Mussini, C., Guaraldi, G., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22811-y · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Favorable outcomes of COVID-19 in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation
Shah, G. L., DeWolf, S., Lee, Y. J., Tamari, R., Dahi, P. B., Lavery, J. A., Ruiz, J. D., Devlin, S. M., Cho, C., Peled, J. U., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci141777 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Sayah, W., Berkane, I., Guermache, I., Sabri, M., Lakhal, F. Z., Rahali, S. Y., Djidjeli, A., Mahammed, L. L., Merah, F., Belaid, B., et al. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155428 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Single-cell immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Tian, Y., Carpp, L. N., Miller, H. E. R., Zager, M. A., Newell, E. W., & Gottardo, R. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01131-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sacchi, A., Grassi, G., Bordoni, V., Lorenzini, P., Cimini, E., Casetti, R., Tartaglia, E., Marchioni, L., Petrosillo, N., Palmieri, F., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-03125-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Yadav, P., Ella, R., Kumar, S., Patil, D. R., Mohandas, S., Shete, A., Vadrevu, K. M., Bhati, G., Sapkal, G., Kaushal, H., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21639-w · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The Female-Predominant Persistent Immune Dysregulation of the Post-COVID Syndrome
Ganesh, R., Grach, S. L., Ghosh, A. K., Bierle, D. M., Salonen, B. R., Collins, N. M., Joshi, A. Y., Boeder, N., Anstine, C. V., Mueller, M. R., et al. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.11.033 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Metabolomic/lipidomic profiling of COVID-19 and individual response to tocilizumab
Meoni, G., Ghini, V., Maggi, L., Vignoli, A., Mazzoni, A., Salvati, L., Capone, M., Vanni, A., Tenori, L., Fontanari, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009243 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationHaemophagocytic syndrome and COVID-19
Retamozo, S., Brito‐Zerón, P., Sisó‐Almirall, A., Flores-Chávez, A., Cárdenas, M. J. S., & Ramos‐Casals, M. (2021) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05569-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neutrophils and COVID-19: Active Participants and Rational Therapeutic Targets
Hazeldine, J., & Lord, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.680134 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Abnormality in the NK-cell population is prolonged in severe COVID-19 patients
Leem, G., Cheon, S., Lee, H., Choi, S. J., Jeong, S., Kim, E.-S., Jeong, H. W., Jeong, H., Park, S., Ys, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.022 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Basophils and Mast Cells in COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Murdaca, G., Gioacchino, M. D., Greco, M., Borro, M., Paladin, F., Petrarca, C., & Gangemi, S. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102754 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hematopoietic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Elahi, S. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04220-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Vannucchi, A. M., Sordi, B., Morettini, A., Nozzoli, C., Poggesi, L., Pieralli, F., Bartoloni, A., Atanasio, A., Miselli, F., Paoli, C., et al. (2020) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-020-01018-y · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationPeruzzi, B., Bencini, S., Capone, M., Mazzoni, A., Maggi, L., Salvati, L., Vanni, A., Orazzini, C., Nozzoli, C., Morettini, A., et al. (2020) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13254 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationBertoletti, A., Tan, A. T., & Bert, N. L. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A scoping review of the pathophysiology of COVID-19
Marik, P. E., Iglesias, J. I., Varón, J., & Kory, P. D. (2021) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/20587384211048026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Al‐Nesf, M. A., Abdesselem, H., Bensmail, I., Ibrahim, S. I., Saeed, W., Mohammed, S., Razok, A., Alhussain, H., Aly, R. M. A., Maslamani, M. A. R. S. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28639-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Roberts, J., Pritchard, A. L., Treweeke, A. T., Rossi, A. G., Brace, N., Cahill, P. A., MacRury, S. M., Wei, J., & Megson, I. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.629933 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Inflammatory Factors Associated with Disease Severity to Predict COVID-19 Progression
Huang, W. C., Li, M., Luo, G., Wu, X., Su, B., Zhao, L., Zhang, S., Chen, X., Jia, M., Zhu, J., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001327 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Immunophenotyping assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC): A prospective longitudinal study
IMPACC Manuscript Writing Team, Rouphael, N., Maecker, H. T., Montgomery, R. R., Diray‐Arce, J., Kleinstein, S. H., Altman, M. C., Bosinger, S. E., Eckalbar, W. L., Guan, L., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf3733 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective
Almendro-Vázquez, P., Laguna‐Goya, R., & Paz‐Artal, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kaye, A. G., & Siegel, R. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10322 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing in COVID-19
Zinatizadeh, M. R., Zarandi, P. K., Ghiasi, M., Kooshki, H., Mohammadi, M., Amani, J., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101818 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: Exploring dysregulation and exhaustion
Mazzoni, A., Salvati, L., Maggi, L., Annunziato, F., & Cosmi, L. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101508 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationHammer, Q., Dunst, J., Christ, W., Picarazzi, F., Wendorff, M., Momayyezi, P., Huhn, O., Netskar, H., Maleki, K. T., García, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110503 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mazzoni, A., Maggi, L., Capone, M., Spinicci, M., Salvati, L., Colao, M. G., Vanni, A., Kiros, S. T., Mencarini, J., Zammarchi, L., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202048915 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationShahbaz, S., Xu, L., Sligl, W., Osman, M. S., Bozorgmehr, N., Mashhouri, S., Redmond, D., Rosero, E. P., Walker, J. W. T., & Elahi, S. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100446 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hypertension and its management in COVID-19 patients: The assorted view
Batiha, G. E., Gari, A. M., Elshony, N., Shaheen, H. M., Abubakar, M. B., Adeyemi, S. B., & Al-Kuraishy, H. M. (2021) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2021.200121 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Wang, T.-C., Li, X.-F., Zhang, N.-N., Li, L., Zhou, C., Deng, Y.-Q., Cao, T.-S., Yang, G., Li, R.-T., et al. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00861-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Autoimmunity and COVID-19 – The microbiotal connection
Katz-Agranov, N. S., & Zandman‐Goddard, G. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102865 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tomić, S., Đokić, J., Stevanović, D., Ilić, N., Gruden‐Movsesijan, A., Dinić, M., Radojević, D., Bekić, M., Mitrović, N., Tomašević, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.614599 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches
Hasan, A., Al‐Ozairi, E., Albaqsumi, Z., Ahmad, R., & Al‐Mulla, F. (2021) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s280706 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Immune responses in mildly versus critically ill COVID-19 patients
Nasrollahi, H., Talepoor, A. G., Saleh, Z., Vakili, M. E., Heydarinezhad, P., Karami, N., Noroozi, M., Meri, S., & Kalantar, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077236 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zenarruzabeitia, O., Astarloa-Pando, G., Terrén, I., Orrantia, A., Pérez-Garay, R., Seijas, I., Arana, J. N., Imaz-Ayo, N., Pérez-Fernández, S., Arana‐Arri, E., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.655934 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ghasemzadeh, M., Ghasemzadeh, A., & Hosseini, E. (2021) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators
Ricci, D., Etna, M. P., Rizzo, F., Sandini, S., Severa, M., & Coccia, E. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22137017 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Favà, A., Donadeu, L., Sabé, N., Pernin, V., González‐Costello, J., Lladó, L., Meneghini, M., Charmetant, X., García‐Romero, E., Cachero, A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.16570 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines
Park, J. H., & Lee, H. K. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9050524 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gamma Delta T Cells and Their Involvement in COVID-19 Virus Infections
von Massow, G., Oh, S. K. W., Lam, A. T., & Gustafsson, K. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.741218 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gutiérrez‐Bautista, J. F., Rodríguez-Nicolás, A., Rosales‐Castillo, A., Jiménez, P., Garrido, F., Anderson, P. O., Ruiz‐Cabello, F., & López‐Ruz, M. Á. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.596553 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Current status and prospects of IL-6–targeting therapy
Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2022) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2022.2097905 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pathogenesis‐directed therapy of 2019 novel coronavirus disease
Stratton, C. W., Tang, Y., & Lu, H. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26610 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lymphopenia: A useful predictor of COVID-19 disease severity and mortality
Toori, K. U., Qureshi, M. A., & Chaudhry, A. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.37.7.4085 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Major reduction of NKT cells in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia
Zingaropoli, M. A., Perri, V., Pasculli, P., Dezza, F. C., Nijhawan, P., Savelloni, G., Torre, G. L., D’Agostino, C., Mengoni, F., Lichtner, M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108630 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kim, D., Kim, Y., Seo, J.-W., Lee, J.-Y., Park, U., Ha, N., Koh, J., Park, H., Lee, J., Ro, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109798 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Theoharides, T. C., Twahir, A., & Kempuraj, D. (2023) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2023.10.032 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lymphocyte Changes in Severe COVID-19: Delayed Over-Activation of STING?
Berthelot, J., Lioté, F., Maugars, Y., & Sibilia, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.607069 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-Associated T-Cell Responses in the Presence of Humoral Immunodeficiency
Gupta, S., Su, H., Narsai, T., & Agrawal, S. (2021) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000514193 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bao, C., Tao, X., Cui, W., Hao, Y., Zheng, S., Yi, B., Pan, T., Young, K. H., & Qian, W. (2021) · Experimental Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-021-00199-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
COVID-19 in Immunosuppressed Children
Nicastro, E., Verdoni, L., Bettini, L. R., Zuin, G., Balduzzi, A., Montini, G., Biondi, A., & D’Antiga, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.629240 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Severe COVID-19 patients display hyper-activated NK cells and NK cell-platelet aggregates
Malengier‐Devlies, B., Filtjens, J., Ahmadzadeh, K., Boeckx, B., Vandenhaute, J., Visscher, A. D., Bernaerts, E., Mitera, T., Jacobs, C., Vanderbeke, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.861251 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Li, C., Qian, W., Wei, X., Narasimhan, H., Wu, Y., Arish, M., Cheon, I. S., Tang, J., Santos, G. D. A., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adn0136 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MAIT Cells in Patients With COVID-19
Shi, J., Zhou, J., Zhang, X., Hu, W., Zhao, J., Wang, S., Wang, F., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.700152 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gligorijević, N., Stanić-Vučinić, D., Radomirović, M., Stojadinović, M., Olgica, N., Khulal, U., & Veličković, T. Ć. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26102834 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mazzoni, A., Salvati, L., Maggi, L., Capone, M., Vanni, A., Spinicci, M., Mencarini, J., Caporale, R., Peruzzi, B., Antonelli, A., Trotta, M., Zammarchi, L., Ciani, L., Gori, L., Lazzeri, C., Matucci, A., Vultaggio, A., Rossi, O., Almerigogna, F., Parronchi, P., Fontanari, P., Lavorini, F., Peris, A., Rossolini, G. M., Bartoloni, A., Romagnani, S., Liotta, F., Annunziato, F., & Cosmi, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Annunziato, Francesco
- ORCID
- Mazzoni, Alessio
- Salvati, Lorenzo
- Maggi, Laura
- Capone, Manuela
- Vanni, Anna
- Spinicci, Michele
- Mencarini, Jessica
- Peruzzi, Benedetta
- Antonelli, Alberto
- Trotta, Michele
- Zammarchi, Lorenzo
- Gori, Leonardo
- Lazzeri, Chiara
- Matucci, Andrea
- Vultaggio, Alessandra
- Parronchi, Paola
- Lavorini, Federico
- Peris, Adriano
- Bartoloni, Alessandro
- Liotta, Francesco
- Annunziato, Francesco
- Cosmi, Lorenzo
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2020-08-04
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4694-4703
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC7456250
- OpenAlex
- W3032533580
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 70
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Firenze
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, interleukin-6, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, granzyme A, T cell senescence, tocilizumab, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, intensive care
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, B-Lymphocytes, Critical Care, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Female, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Models, Immunological, Granzymes, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
