Lowered plasma paraoxonase (PON)1 activity is a trait marker of major depression and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism–smoking interactions differentially predict the odds of major depression and bipolar disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Major depression and bipolar disorder are accompanied by the activation of immune-inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress (O&NS) pathways and lowered levels of antioxidants. Paraoxonase (PON)1 (EC 3.1.8.1) is an antioxidant bound to High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Polymorphisms in the PON1 Q192R coding sequence determine three functional genotypes, i.e. 192QQ, 192QR and 192RR.Aims This study was carried out to delineate the associations of plasma PON1 activity and functional PON1 Q192R genotypes in major depression and bipolar disorder.Methods PON1 status that is plasma PON1 abundance and three functional PON1 Q192R genotypes were assayed in 91 major depressed and 45 bipolar patients and compared to 199 normal controls.Results Major depression, but not bipolar disorder, was accompanied by lowered PON1 activity. PON1 activity was decreased by smoking and a diagnosis by genotype interaction (i.e. lower PON1 in major depression with the QQ genotype). Logistic regression showed that smoking by QQ genotype significantly increased the odds of bipolar disorder and that major depression was predicted by plasma PON1 activity, serum HDL cholesterol and interactions between genotype×smoking.Discussion The results suggest that lowered plasma PON1 activity is a trait marker of major depression and that PONQ192R gene-environment (smoking) interactions differentially predict the odds of depression and bipolar disorder.Limitations Association studies are prone to a risk of false positive findings and replication is essential.Conclusions The findings suggest that there are differential PON1 Q192R functional genotype×environment interactions in major depression and bipolar disorder. The effects of lowered PON1 activity may contribute to increased O&NS and immune-inflammatory burden in depression. PON1 status may contribute to the comorbidity between depression and other immune- and O&NS-related disorders, e.g. cardiovascular disorder.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a strong comorbidity between mood disorders, including depression, and tobacco use disorder.
“There is a strong comorbidity between mood disorders, including depression, and tobacco use disorder.15,16”
From <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine for therapy-resistant tobacco use disorder: a pilot study (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Berk, M., Kapczinski, F., Andreazza, A. C., Dean, O. M., Giorlando, F., Maes, M., Yücel, M., Gama, C. S., Dodd, S., Dean, B., et al. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Self-citationAviram, M., Rosenblat, M., Bisgaier, C. L., Newton, R. S., Primo-Parmo, S. L., & Du, B. N. L. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1649 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Maes, M., Galecki, P., Chang, Y. S., & Berk, M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Self-citationMice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis
Shih, D. M., Gu, L., Xia, Y.-R., Navab, M., Li, W., Hama, S. Y., Castellani, L. W., Furlong, C. E., Costa, L. G., Fogelman, A. M., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28406 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Leonard, B., & Maes, M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.005 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Self-citationMaes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., Bosmans, E., Bergmans, R., Vandoolaeghe, E., Ranjan, R., & Desnyder, R. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00028-l · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Self-citationMaes, M. H. J., Kubera, M., & Leunis, J. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Self-citationMoylan, S., Maes, M., Wray, N. R., & Berk, M. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.33 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationMaes, M. H. J., Scharpé, S., Meltzer, H. Y., Bosmans, E., Suy, E., Calabrese, J. R., & Cosyns, P. R. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90027-e · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Self-citationDel-Ben, C. M., Vilela, J. A. A., Crippa, J. A. D. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Labate, C. M., & Zuardi, A. W. (2001) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462001000300008 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Smith, R., Christophe, A., Vandoolaeghe, E., Gastel, A. V., Neels, H. M., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09622.x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationSullivan, P. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.010 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Kubera, M., Obuchowiczwa, E., Goehler, L. E., & Brzeszcz, J. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationCigarette Smoking, Suicidal Behavior, and Serotonin Function in Major Psychiatric Disorders
Malone, K. M., WATERNAUX, C. M., Haas, G. L., Cooper, T. B., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.773 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression
Maes, M. H. J., Vos, N. D., Pioli, R., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., Neels, H. M., & Christophe, A. B. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00121-4 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationGouédard, C., Barouki, R., & Morel, Y. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.12.5209-5222.2004 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study
Pasco, J. A., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Ng, F., Henry, M. J., Nicholson, G. C., Kotowicz, M. A., & Berk, M. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046706 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationJames, R. W., Leviev, I., & Righetti, A. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.19.2252 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of paraoxonase 1: Implication in arteriosclerosis diseases
Garelnabi, M., Litvinov, D. Y., & Mahini, H. (2012) · North American Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1947-2714.103310 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Daily smoking and the subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders
Breslau, N., Novak, S. P., & Kessler, R. C. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008869 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Antioxidative enzymes and increased oxidative stress in depressive women
Kodydková, J., Vávrová, L., Zeman, M., Jirák, R., Macášek, J., Staňková, B., Tvrzická, E., & Žák, A. (2009) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.006 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Costa, L. G., Giordano, G., & Furlong, C. E. (2010) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.11.008 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Smoking and the Risk of Suicidal Behavior: A Prospective Study of a Community Sample
Breslau, N., Schultz, L. R., Johnson, E. O., Peterson, E. L., & Davis, G. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.328 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Maes, M., Ruckoanich, P., Chang, Y. S., Mahanonda, N., & Berk, M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.008 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationKotan, V. O., Sarandol, E., Kirhan, E., Ozkaya, G., & Kirli, S. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.021 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Paraoxonase: A multifaceted biomolecule
Goswami, B., Tayal, D., Gupta, N., et al. (2009) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.025 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Human PON1, a biomarker of risk of disease and exposure
Furlong, C. E., Suzuki, S. M., Stevens, R. C., et al. (2010) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.033 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Jamal, M., van der Does, W. A. J., Cuijpers, P. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Barim, A. Ö., Aydın, S., Çolak, R., Dağ, E., Deniz, O., & Şahin, İ. (2009) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.02.020 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers are associated with depression and nicotine dependence
Vargas, H. O., Nunes, S. O. V., de Castro, M. R. P., Vargas, M. M., Barbosa, D. S., Bortolasci, C. C., Venugopal, K., Dodd, S., & Berk, M. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.059 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationNunes, S. O. V., Vargas, H. O., Prado, E., Barbosa, D. S., de Melo, Moylan, S., Dodd, S., & Berk, M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationEscalas de depressão de Montgomery & Asberg (MADRS) e de Hamilton (HAM-D)
Moreno, R. A., & Moreno, D. H. (1998) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Camps, J., Pujol, I., Ballester, F., Joven, J., & Simó, J. M. (2011) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01502-10 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kumon, Y., Suehiro, T., Ikeda, Y., & Hashimoto, K. (2003) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00704-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ng, D. S., Chu, T., Esposito, B., Hui, P., Connelly, P. W., & Gross, P. L. (2007) · Cardiovascular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2007.10.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Samy, W., & Hassanian, M. A. (2011) · Arab Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2011.04.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Singh, S., Kumar, V., Thakur, S., et al. (2011) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.014 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Liu, M., Liao, Y., Lin, R., Wang, Y., Hsi, E., Lin, H., Chen, K., & Juo, S. H. (2013) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.036 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rothem, L., Hartman, C., Dahan, A., Lachter, J., Eliakim, R., & Shamir, R. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Paraoxonase 1 Status as a Risk Factor for Disease or Exposure
Richter, R. J., Jarvik, G. P., & Furlong, C. E. (2009) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-350-3_4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sarandöl, A., Sarandöl, E., Eker, S. S., Karaagac, E. U., Hizli, B., Dirican, M., & Kırlı, S. (2006) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.04.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Gene–environment interaction and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease
Stephens, J. W., Bain, S. C., & Humphries, S. E. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tobacco, Inflammation, and Respiratory Tract Cancer
Milara, J., & Cortijo, J. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802083743 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Targeting paraoxonase-1 in atherosclerosis
Mackness, M., & Mackness, B. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.2013.790367 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Paraoxonase 1 Response to a High-Fat Diet: Gender Differences in the Factors Involved
Thomàs‐Moyà, E., Gianotti, M., Proenza, A. M., & Lladó, I. (2007) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/2006-00078.thomas-moya · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kotan, E., Alpsoy, L., Anar, M., et al. (2011) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/0748233710394234 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Paraoxonase 1 response to a high-fat diet: gender differences in the factors involved.
Thomàs‐Moyà, E., Gianotti, M., Proenza, A. M., et al. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.2119/2006–00078.thomas-moya · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cigarette smoke–mediated oxidative stress, shear stress, and endothelial dysfunction: role of VEGFR2
Edirisinghe, I., & Rahman, I. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05601.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mouhamed, D. H., Ezzaher, A., Mechri, A., et al. (2011) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12199-011-0256-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Associations between high density lipoprotein mean particle size and serum paraoxonase-1 activity.
Razavi, À. E., Ani, M., Pourfarzam, M., & Naderi, G. A. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Trace elements and oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Işık, B., Işık, R. S., Ceylan, A., et al. (2005) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.3229 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cardiac Remodeling Induced by Smoking: Concepts, Relevance, and Potential Mechanisms
Minicucci, M. F., Azevedo, P. S., Polegato, B. F., et al. (2012) · Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152812803589958 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 upregulates paraoxonase 1 gene expression via an AKT/NF-κB-dependent pathway
Cheng, C., Hsueh, C., Chen, C.-Y., et al. (2013) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lawlor, D. A., Day, I. N. M., Gaunt, T. R., Hinks, L. J., Timpson, N. J., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.049247 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Interactive Effect of Combined Exposure to Active and Passive Smoking on Cardiovascular System
Leone, A. (2011) · Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery (Formerly Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery) · doi:10.2174/157489011794578437 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cigarette smoke extract is a modulator of mitogenic action in vascular smooth muscle cells
Nishio, E., & Watanabe, Y. (1998) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00068-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pezzulo, A. A., Hornick, E. E., Rector, M. V., Estin, M. L., Reisetter, A. C., Taft, P. J., Butcher, S. C., Carter, A. B., Manak, J. R., Stoltz, D. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043777 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Paraoxonase-1 Gene Q192R Polymorphism and Reactive Oxygen Metabolites
Kotani, K., Tsuzaki, K., & Sakane, N. (2012) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323001204000431 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lower paraoxonase 1 activity in Tunisian bipolar I patients
Ezzaher, A., Mouhamed, D. H., Mechri, A., et al. (2010) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-9-36 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rice, N. E., Bandinelli, S., Corsi, A., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Miller, M. A., Meena Kumari, B., Murray, A., Frayling, T. M., & Melzer, D. R. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp265 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ezzaher, A., Mouhamed, D. H., Mechri, A., Neffati, F., Rejeb, J., Omezzine, A., Douki, W., Bouslama, A., Gaha, L., & Najjar, M. F. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Teiber, J. F., & Draganov, D. I. (2010) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-971-0_21 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bortolasci, C. C., Vargas, H. O., Souza-Nogueira, A., Barbosa, D. S., Moreira, E. G., Vargas Nunes, S. O., Berk, M., Dodd, S. & Maes, M. (2014). Lowered plasma paraoxonase (PON)1 activity is a trait marker of major depression and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism-smoking interactions differentially predict the odds of major depression and bipolar disorder. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, 159, pp.23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.018. Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/43865
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in depression
Liu, T., Zhong, S., Liao, X., Chen, J., He, T., Lai, S., & Jia, Y. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138904 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder
Vaváková, M., Ďuračková, Z., & Trebatická, J. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2015/898393 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Sowa-Kućma, M., Styczeń, K., Siwek, M., Misztak, P., Nowak, R. J., Dudek, D., Rybakowski, J. K., Nowak, G., & Maes, M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.024 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationMaes, M., Landucci Bonifacio, K., Morelli, N. R., Vargas, H. O., Barbosa, D. S., Carvalho, A. F., & Nunes, S. O. V. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1051-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>N</i>-acetylcysteine for therapy-resistant tobacco use disorder: a pilot study
Prado, E., Maes, M., Piccoli, L. G., Baracat, M., Barbosa, D. S., Franco, O., Dodd, S., Berk, M., & Vargas Nunes, S. O. (2015) · Redox Report · doi:10.1179/1351000215y.0000000004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationStatins: Neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms in mood disorders
Walker, A. J., Kim, Y., Borissiouk, I., Rehder, R., Dodd, S., Morris, G., Nierenberg, A. A., Maes, M., Fernandes, B. S., Dean, O. M., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe lipid paradox in neuroprogressive disorders: Causes and consequences
Morris, G., Berk, M., Walder, K., O’Neil, A., Maes, M., & Puri, B. K. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSlyepchenko, A., Brunoni, A. R., McIntyre, R. S., Quevedo, J., & Carvalho, A. F. (2016) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524016666160126144601 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bortolasci, C. C., Vargas, H. O., Souza-Nogueira, A., Barbosa, D. S., Moreira, E. G., Nunes, S. O. V., Berk, M., Dodd, S., & Maes, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (BR)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Maes, Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 23-30
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2111022101
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 6.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1059660)
- Division of Graduate Education
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- paraoxonase 1, PON1 Q192R polymorphism, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, smoking, gene-environment interaction, HDL cholesterol, antioxidant status, depression biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Genetic, Smoking, Biomarkers, Logistic Models, Aryldialkylphosphatase, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
