Randomized controlled trial of Sunnyside: individual versus group-based online interventions to prevent postpartum depression
Open accessAbstract
Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mental health problem that has a prevalence rate of nearly 20% in the first three months after delivery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of Sunnyside, an internet-based cognitive-behavioral intervention, delivered in a group format compared to the same intervention delivered individually for the prevention of PPD.Method 210 people between 20- and 28-weeks gestation and who scored between 5 and 14 on the PHQ-8 and who did not meet criteria for major depression were recruited online. The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), and the depression and anxiety modules of the MINI were obtained at baseline, post-treatment, and 12-weeks postpartum. Intervention adherence was measured by site usage.Results Across self-report and interview measures of depression there were no significant differences in outcome between the group and the individual versions of the program. Rates of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in the postpartum period were low and adherence to the conditions was similarly high. Participants in the individual condition were significantly more satisfied than participants in the group condition (p < 0.05).Limitations The sample was predominantly white (85%) and recruited online, which may limit generalizability.Conclusions The group intervention was not more effective than the individual intervention. However, ignoring groups, many measures improved over time. The results of this study provide evidence that mood symptoms improve when participating in an online preventive intervention for postpartum depression.
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IMIs have shown efficacy in significantly improving depressive symptoms in peripartum women.
“IMIs have also shown efficacy in significantly improving depressive symptoms in peripartum women (e.g., Duffecy et al., 2022; Hanach et al., 2021; Lau et al., 2021; Loughnan et al., 2019; Mu et al., 2021).”
From PandaMom – Feasibility and acceptability of an internet- and mobile-based intervention to enhance peripartum mental well-being and to prevent postpartum depression (2024) · cites this paper as Duffecy et al., 2022
The Results (HAMD17 and IDAS-General Depression subscale; page unavailable) report significant declines in depressive symptoms among participants receiving the online intervention. However, the trial compared two active versions of Sunnyside and found no significant difference between them; without a non-intervention comparator, its symptom declines alone do not establish that Sunnyside caused the improvement. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mothers and Babies Course and Sunnyside relied exclusively on traditional CBT and failed to reach statistical significance in their respective RCTs.
“moreover, 2 of the few internet-based CBT interventions for the prevention of PPD—Mothers and Babies Course and Sunnyside—also relied exclusively on traditional CBT, with the former resulting from an adaptation of a group-based face-to-face intervention [8] and the latter resulting from an adaptation of a group-based internet intervention [9]. In both cases, the programs encompassed 8 sessions, an”
From The Efficacy of Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: Examining Mechanisms of Change in a Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results report no statistically significant difference between Sunnyside’s individual and group versions, but participants in both improved over time; the trial therefore does not show that Sunnyside itself failed against a no-intervention control. The Discussion says Sunnyside incorporated both CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy, contrary to the claim that it relied exclusively on traditional CBT. Method > Interventions describes an eight-week program with 16 lessons, not eight sessions. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Mothers and Babies Course and Sunnyside failed to provide compelling evidence on their efficacy.
“with the notable exceptions of Mothers and Babies Course [8] and Sunnyside [9], which nevertheless failed to provide compelling evidence on their efficacy”
From The Efficacy of Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: Examining Mechanisms of Change in a Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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“…but most of them were not designed or tested for preventive purposes (with the notable exceptions of Mothers and Babies Course [8] and Sunnyside [9], which nevertheless failed to provide compelling evidence on their efficacy), and they relied exclusively on classic cognitive behavioral therapy…”
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- Authors
- Duffecy, J., Grekin, R., Long, J. D., Mills, J. A., & O'Hara, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffecy, Jennifer
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 311
- Pages
- 538-547
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11078531
- OpenAlex
- W4281714291
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 305 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002537)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R34MH102469, 1R34MH102478)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, Sunnyside, group versus individual intervention, perinatal depression, generalized anxiety disorder, intervention adherence, participant satisfaction, early pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Internet-Based Intervention, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Depression, Postpartum, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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