Dietary Intake, Eating Habits, and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men
Abstract
Background Dietary factors contribute to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, a disorder associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and some cancers.Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the intake frequencies of certain food groups, eating habits, and the risk of metabolic syndrome in a cross-sectional study of Korean men.Methods Study participants were recruited from the National Cancer Center in South Korea. A total of 7,081 men aged 30 years and older were recruited between August 2002 and May 2007. Metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more of the following conditions: obesity, high blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high triglyceride level, and high fasting blood glucose level. The association of metabolic syndrome and sociodemographic characteristics, food intake frequencies, and eating habits assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, was examined.Results The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome for men aged 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, and 60+ years was 18.2%, 19.8%, 21.9%, and 20.5%, respectively. The study participants with metabolic syndrome had significantly higher family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (27.6% vs 21.6%, P<0.001), and were more likely to be current smokers (50.1% vs 45.3%, P=0.005) than their counterparts. Among food group items, participants with metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher intake of seaweed (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05 to 1.50), and oily foods (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.57) than participants without metabolic syndrome. In addition, the group with metabolic syndrome was more likely to eat quickly (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.60 to 3.12 for fast vs slow) and to overeat frequently (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.85 to 3.05 for more than 4 times a week vs less than once a week).Conclusions The results suggest that high intake of seaweed and oily foods as well as eating habits such as eating faster and frequent overeating, are associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. In contrast, high fruit intake may be associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. The importance of dietary habits in metabolic syndrome development needs to be pursued in further studies.
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Compared with individuals who work solely during the day, shift workers, whose working routine leads to chrono-disruption, are at a higher risk of developing a range of metabolic diseases.
“Thus, compared with individuals who work solely during the day, shift workers, whose working routine leads to chrono-disruption, are at a higher risk of developing a range of metabolic diseases (22) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
At least some of the increased disease risk of shift workers may be linked to diet and the irregular timing of eating.
“A discussion paper by Lowden et al. in 2010 on eating and shift work, effects on habits, metabolism and performance showed that at least some of the increased disease risk of shift workers may be linked to diet and the irregular timing of eating (22) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Total daily energy intake was similar for shift workers compared with nonshift workers.
“The results of this review showed that total daily energy intake was similar for shift workers compared with nonshift workers.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Shift workers had more irregular eating patterns, altered meal frequency, usually impaired quality of dietary intake and the distribution of dietary intake over the day.
“However, shift workers had more irregular eating patterns, altered meal frequency, usually impaired quality of dietary intake and the distribution of dietary intake over the day.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Shin, A., Lim, S.-Y., Sung, J., Shin, H.-R., & Kim, J.
- Affiliations
- National Cancer Center (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Jeongseon
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 633-640
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063741114
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, dietary intake, dietary habits, seaweed consumption, eating speed, overeating, Korean men, family history of type 2 diabetes, smoking, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic risk factors, food frequency questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Dietary Fats, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Korea, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Seaweed, Smoking, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Complications
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