The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What’s keeping teenagers up? prebedtime behaviors and actigraphy-assessed sleep over school and vacation.
Abstract
Purpose Technology-related behaviors (e.g., computer use) before bedtime (BT) have been associated with poorer and shorter sleep in adolescents; however, less is known about other behaviors in relation to sleep. This study characterized a range of behaviors in the hour before bed (i.e., pre-BT behaviors [PBBs]) and examined their relationship with sleep parameters during school and vacation periods (i.e., restricted and extended sleep opportunities, respectively). Mechanistic roles of chronotype and cognitive presleep arousal (PSAcog) were also examined.Methods During the last week of a school term and throughout a 2-week vacation, 146 adolescents (47.26% male, age M ± standard deviation = 16.2 ± 1.0 years) from the general community completed daily sleep measure using actigraphy, self-report measures on PBBs and PSAcog (Presleep Arousal Scale) for both school and vacation periods, and chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire).Results Adolescents engaged in a variety of behaviors before bed. Notably, playing video games was associated with significantly later school and vacation BT and shorter school sleep duration (controlling for chronotype). During vacation, online social media was associated with significantly longer sleep onset latency, and this relationship was mediated by higher PSAcog. In contrast, on school nights, spending time with family was associated with significantly earlier BT and longer sleep duration.Conclusions Technology-related PBBs video games and online social media were risk factors for shorter and poorer sleep, whereas time with family was protective of sleep duration. In addressing sleep problems in adolescents, therapeutic procedures that target the potentially addictive nature of technology use and reduce PSAcog were implicated.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Current systematic reviews of mostly cross-sectional research have consistently reported that screen use is associated with reduced sleep quantity and quality.11,14,36”
From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Our findings suggest that the association of screen time with sleep is primarily through time displacement delaying sleep onset rather than any direct effects of blue light or interactive engagement,11,46 as indicated by few associations with sleep latency and waking up after first going to sleep (measure of total wakefulness during the sleep period).”
From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the evidence on which these guidelines are based largely comes from cross-sectional studies with many inherent limitations.2,10,11,12”
From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Social media use may also impact on the quality of sleep via increased arousal, not simply through light exposure,18 but particularly via cognitive and social activity.12 14 19”
From Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have found a significant association between social media use and measures of sleep disturbance (including long sleep onset latency and difficulty falling asleep) when controlling for: age and sex19; sociodemographic measures21 and sleep hygiene behaviours.15”
From Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The timing of use is highly relevant for sleep, as social media use at bedtime is a strong predictor of poorer sleep outcomes, independent of overall use [14,16,17,41,42].”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness- eveningness in human circadian rhythms
Home, J. K. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,783
(1976) · PubMed · Cited by 3,979
Tanner, J. M., & Whitehouse, R. H. (1976) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.51.3.170 · Cited by 3,137
Self-Reported and Measured Sleep Duration: How Similar Are They?
Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Liu, K., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318187a7b0 · Cited by 1,565
Activity-Based Sleep-Wake Identification: An Empirical Test of Methodological Issues
Sadeh, A., Sharkey, M., & Carskadon, M. A. (1994) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/17.3.201 · Cited by 1,487
The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: an update
Sadeh, A. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.10.001 · Cited by 1,415
Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review
Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006 · Cited by 1,376
Just one question: If one question works, why ask several?
Bowling, A. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.021204 · Cited by 892
Cajochen, C., Frey, S., Anders, D., Späti, J., Bues, M., Pross, A., Mager, R., Wirz-Justice, A., & Stefani, O. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011 · Cited by 730
Understanding adolescent's sleep patterns and school performance: a critical appraisal
Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)90003-7 · Cited by 712
The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state: the development of the pre-sleep arousal scale
Nicassio, P. M., Mendlowitz, D. R., Fussell, J. J., & Petras, L. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90004-x · Cited by 704
Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence
Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., & Ottaviano, S. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00302.x · Cited by 703
In search of lost sleep: secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents
Matricciani, L., Olds, T., & Petkov, J. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.005 · Cited by 698
Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large population-based study
Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K. M., Jakobsen, R., Lundervold, A. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006748 · Cited by 678
den Bulck, J. V. (2004) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.1.101 · Cited by 594
Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents.
Carskadon, M. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 550
Gradisar, M., Wolfson, A. R., Harvey, A. G., Hale, L., Rosenberg, R., & Czeisler, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.3272 · Cited by 498
Changes in Sleep as a Function of Adolescent Development
Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9155-5 · Cited by 479
Adam, E. K., Snell, E. K., & Pendry, P. (2007) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.4 · Cited by 405
Adolescent Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Early Adult Depression and Substance Abuse
Roane, B. M., & Taylor, D. J. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.10.1351 · Cited by 396
Wang, Z., Tchernev, J. M., & Solloway, T. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.001 · Cited by 339
Taillard, J., Philip, P., Chastang, J., & Bioulac, B. H. (2004) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403259849 · Cited by 327
Fossum, I. N., Nordnes, L. T., Storemark, S. S., Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2013) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2013.819468 · Cited by 322
Computer and Video Game Addiction—A Comparison between Game Users and Non-Game Users
Weinstein, A. M. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491879 · Cited by 319
Arora, T., Broglia, E., Thomas, G. N., & Taheri, S. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.799 · Cited by 261
Sleep habits and circadian preference in Italian children and adolescents
RUSSO, P. M., BRUNI, O., LUCIDI, F., FERRI, R., & VIOLANI, C. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00584.x · Cited by 253
Adolescent Sleep, School Start Times, and Teen Motor Vehicle Crashes
Danner, F., & Phillips, B. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27345 · Cited by 233
Nodding off or switching off? The use of popular media as a sleep aid in secondary‐school children
Eggermont, S., & Van den Bulck, J. (2006) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00892.x · Cited by 196
A motivational school-based intervention for adolescent sleep problems
Cain, N., Gradisar, M., & Moseley, L. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.06.008 · Cited by 195
Adolescents’ Sleep Behaviors and Perceptions of Sleep
Noland, H., Price, J. H., Dake, J., & Telljohann, S. K. (2009) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00402.x · Cited by 183
Shochat, T., Flint‐Bretler, O., & Tzischinsky, O. (2010) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01821.x · Cited by 137
Assessing Causality and Persistence in Associations Between Family Dinners and Adolescent Well‐Being
Musick, K., & Meier, A. (2012) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00973.x · Cited by 127
Bei, B., Byrne, M. L., Ivens, C., Waloszek, J. M., Woods, M. J., Dudgeon, P., Murray, G., Nicholas, C. L., Trinder, J. C., & Allen, N. B. (2012) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00382.x · Cited by 117
Bei, B., Allen, N. B., Nicholas, C. L., Dudgeon, P., Murray, G., & Trinder, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12080 · Cited by 86
Correlates for poor sleepers in a Los Angeles high school
Megdal, S. P., & Schernhammer, E. S. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.01.012 · Cited by 85
Repetitive Thought Impairs Sleep Quality: An Experience Sampling Study
Takano, K., Sakamoto, S., & Tanno, Y. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.004 · Cited by 74
Trying to fall asleep while catastrophising: what sleep-disordered adolescents think and feel
Hiller, R. M., Lovato, N., Gradisar, M., Oliver, M., & Slater, A. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.014 · Cited by 72
Pieters, D., Valck, E. D., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., Pirrera, S., Wuyts, J., Exadaktylos, V., Haex, B., Michiels, N., Verbraecken, J. A., & Cluydts, R. (2014) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.694381 · Cited by 66
Bei, B., Wiley, J. F., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. C. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4508 · Cited by 41
Sparks, R. S., Carter, C., Donnelly, J. B., O’Keefe, C. M., Duncan, J., Keighley, T., & McAullay, D. (2008) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.04.001 · Cited by 41
Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? The CARDIA Sleep Study
Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L., Liu, K., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008) · Epidemiology · Cited by 14
Landrigan, C. P. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · Cited by 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interplay between social media use, sleep quality, and mental health in youth: a systematic review
Alonzo, R., Hussain, J., Stranges, S., & Anderson, K. K. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101414 · Cited by 456
Screens, Teens, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence From Three Time-Use-Diary Studies
Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619830329 · Cited by 414
Insomnia disorder in adolescence: Diagnosis, impact, and treatment
de Zambotti, M., Goldstone, A., Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.009 · Cited by 417
Youth Screen Media Habits and Sleep
Hale, L., Kirschen, G. W., LeBourgeois, M. K., Gradisar, M., Garrison, M. M., Montgomery-Downs, H., Kirschen, H., McHale, S. M., Chang, A.-M., & Buxton, O. M. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.014 · Cited by 312
Social media use and mental health and well-being among adolescents: a scoping review
Schønning, V., Hjetland, G. J., Aarø, L. E., & Skogen, J. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01949 · Cited by 288
Metadata
- Authors
- Harbard, E., Allen, N. B., Trinder, J., & Bei, B.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Royal Women's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bei, Bei
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 426-432
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2268003988
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 18.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- adolescent sleep, sleep latency, sleep duration, video game use, social media use, chronotype, family time, school holidays, technology use, actigraphy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Circadian Rhythm, Computers, Female, Holidays, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Sleep, Time Factors, Actigraphy, Self Report, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
