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Cited by 140Sleep and related disordersImpact of Technology on AdolescentsCircadian rhythm and melatonin

What’s keeping teenagers up? prebedtime behaviors and actigraphy-assessed sleep over school and vacation.

Harbard, Emily, Allen, Nicholas B., Trinder, John, Bei, Bei·2016·Journal of Adolescent Health
DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.011
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Abstract

Purpose Technology-related behaviors (e.g., computer use) before bedtime (BT) have been associated with poorer and shorter sleep in adolescents; however, less is known about other behaviors in relation to sleep. This study characterized a range of behaviors in the hour before bed (i.e., pre-BT behaviors [PBBs]) and examined their relationship with sleep parameters during school and vacation periods (i.e., restricted and extended sleep opportunities, respectively). Mechanistic roles of chronotype and cognitive presleep arousal (PSAcog) were also examined.Methods During the last week of a school term and throughout a 2-week vacation, 146 adolescents (47.26% male, age M ± standard deviation = 16.2 ± 1.0 years) from the general community completed daily sleep measure using actigraphy, self-report measures on PBBs and PSAcog (Presleep Arousal Scale) for both school and vacation periods, and chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire).Results Adolescents engaged in a variety of behaviors before bed. Notably, playing video games was associated with significantly later school and vacation BT and shorter school sleep duration (controlling for chronotype). During vacation, online social media was associated with significantly longer sleep onset latency, and this relationship was mediated by higher PSAcog. In contrast, on school nights, spending time with family was associated with significantly earlier BT and longer sleep duration.Conclusions Technology-related PBBs video games and online social media were risk factors for shorter and poorer sleep, whereas time with family was protective of sleep duration. In addressing sleep problems in adolescents, therapeutic procedures that target the potentially addictive nature of technology use and reduce PSAcog were implicated.

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  • Current systematic reviews of mostly cross-sectional research have consistently reported that screen use is associated with reduced sleep quantity and quality.

    “Current systematic reviews of mostly cross-sectional research have consistently reported that screen use is associated with reduced sleep quantity and quality.11,14,36”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]

  • The association of screen time with sleep is primarily through time displacement delaying sleep onset rather than any direct effects of blue light or interactive engagement.

    “Our findings suggest that the association of screen time with sleep is primarily through time displacement delaying sleep onset rather than any direct effects of blue light or interactive engagement,11,46 as indicated by few associations with sleep latency and waking up after first going to sleep (measure of total wakefulness during the sleep period).”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]

  • The evidence on which guidelines to stop using screens 1 to 2 hours before bedtime are based largely comes from cross-sectional studies with many inherent limitations.

    “Moreover, the evidence on which these guidelines are based largely comes from cross-sectional studies with many inherent limitations.2,10,11,12”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Social media use may impact on the quality of sleep via increased arousal, not simply through light exposure, but particularly via cognitive and social activity.

    “Social media use may also impact on the quality of sleep via increased arousal, not simply through light exposure,18 but particularly via cognitive and social activity.12 14 19”

    From Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Previous studies have found a significant association between social media use and measures of sleep disturbance (including long sleep onset latency and difficulty falling asleep) when controlling for age and sex, sociodemographic measures, and sleep hygiene behaviours.

    “Previous studies have found a significant association between social media use and measures of sleep disturbance (including long sleep onset latency and difficulty falling asleep) when controlling for: age and sex19; sociodemographic measures21 and sleep hygiene behaviours.15”

    From Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [19]

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Authors
Harbard, E., Allen, N. B., Trinder, J., & Bei, B.
Affiliations
  • Monash University (AU)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Royal Women's Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Bei, Bei
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Adolescent Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-04
Volume
58
Issue
4
Pages
426-432
ISSN
1054-139X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.011
OpenAlex
W2268003988
Cited by
140
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
FWCI
18.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords
adolescent sleep, sleep latency, sleep duration, video game use, social media use, chronotype, family time, school holidays, technology use, actigraphy
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Circadian Rhythm, Computers, Female, Holidays, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Sleep, Time Factors, Actigraphy, Self Report, Social Media

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