The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state: the development of the pre-sleep arousal scale
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PSAS retest reliability (3 weeks) is r = 0.72 for cognitive subscale and r = 0.76 for somatic subscale.
“Retest reliability (3 weeks) is reported by the original authors [51] as r = 0.72 for the cognitive subscale and r = 0.76 for the somatic subscale.”
From Efficacy study comparing a CBT-I developed for shift workers (CBT-I-S) to standard CBT-I (cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia) on sleep onset latency, total sleep time, subjective sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness: study protocol for a parallel group randomised controlled trial with online therapy groups of seven sessions each (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
In a doctoral thesis by Vochem, PSAS internal consistency is described as good (0.84) for physical arousal and questionable (0.67) for cognitive arousal in healthy sleepers, and acceptable (0.76) and good (0.81) for insomnia patients.
“In a doctoral thesis by Vochem [50], the internal consistency is described with reference to the original [51] as follows “…for healthy sleepers on the physical arousal subscale as good (0.84) and on the cognitive arousal subscale as questionable (0.67),” “for insomnia patients as acceptable (0.76) and good (0.81).” ([50], p. 47).”
From Efficacy study comparing a CBT-I developed for shift workers (CBT-I-S) to standard CBT-I (cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia) on sleep onset latency, total sleep time, subjective sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness: study protocol for a parallel group randomised controlled trial with online therapy groups of seven sessions each (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
The Presleep Arousal Scale subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency in the original validation study (Cronbach α=.76 and .81).
“The 2 subscales of the Presleep Arousal Scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency in both the original validation study (Cronbach α=.76 and .81) [51] and this study (Cronbach α=.80 and .90).”
In this study, the Presleep Arousal Scale subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach α=.80 and .90).
“The 2 subscales of the Presleep Arousal Scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency in both the original validation study (Cronbach α=.76 and .81) [51] and this study (Cronbach α=.80 and .90).”
The association between sleep maintenance problems and affective/paranoid experiences is less clear, either weaker or no relationship.
“The association between sleep maintenance problems and these experiences is less clear (i.e., either a weaker relationship or no relationship, see [49, 51–53]).”
From A structural equation model of the relationship between insomnia, negative affect, and paranoid thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
Delayed sleep onset can provide an opportunity to reflect, ruminate, and worry, which could amplify negative affect and may lead to paranoid thinking.
“Delayed sleep onset can provide an opportunity for an individual to reflect, ruminate, and worry about their experiences [46–49], which could serve to amplify negative affect (for a review, see [50] and may even lead to paranoid thinking.”
From A structural equation model of the relationship between insomnia, negative affect, and paranoid thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Nicassio, P. M., Mendlowitz, D. R., Fussell, J. J., & Petras, L.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Group Health Cooperative (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-271
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083495357
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- pre-sleep arousal, sleep onset, sleep latency, insomnia, sleep disorders, self-report questionnaire, cognitive arousal, somatic arousal, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Sleep Stages
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