Design and Implementation of an Intervention Development Study: Retaining Cognition While Avoiding Late-Life Depression (ReCALL)
Open accessAbstract
Objective To discuss the design, rationale, and implementation of an intervention development study addressing indicated and selective prevention of depression and anxiety in individuals 60 years and older with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and in their caregivers.Methods In Phase I, now completed, we developed and standardized problem-solving therapy (PST) and the combined PST + moderate-intensity physical exercise (PE) intervention to be administered to participants with MCI and their caregivers together, dyadically, with both participants working with the same interventionist in the same therapy sessions. In Phase II we have been testing the interventions against enhanced usual care (EUC) and have addressed challenges to recruitment. Randomization was to one of three cells: PST + PE, PST, or EUC.Results Although we set out to intervene dyadically, many individuals with MCI lived alone or did not have a support person who could participate in the study with them. Consequently, we modified the study to include MCI participants with and without support persons. Ninety-four participants were enrolled: 20 with MCI together with their support persons (N = 20 dyads) and 54 MCI participants without accompanying support persons. Most participants have been satisfied with the usefulness of the interventions in managing stress and cognitive problems.Conclusion PST and moderate-intensity PE are acceptable interventions for depression and anxiety prevention in older adults with MCI and their available caregivers.
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Among the 26 papers on MCI, 8 described manualized psychotherapeutic interventions and 18 described psychoeducational interventions in addition to cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive training, mindfulness-based stress reduction, behavioral activation, or a recovery model approach.
“Amongst them, 8 papers described manualized psychotherapeutic interventions [36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 62–64] and 18 papers described psychoeducational interventions in addition to cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive training, mindfulness-based stress reduction, behavioral activation, or a recovery model approach [38, 44–54, 57–60, 65, 67].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPreliminary and confirmatory findings from other studies reveal that CBT-, problem-solving-therapy (PST)-, and interpersonal therapy (IPT)-based interventions are well accepted by and satisfying for participants, if the psychotherapeutic techniques are modified for the needs of the addressed population.
“Preliminary and confirmatory findings from other studies reveal, that CBT-, problem-solving-therapy (PST)-, and interpersonal therapy (IPT)-based interventions are well accepted by and satisfying for participants, if the psychotherapeutic techniques are modified for the needs of the addressed population [37, 42, 43].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term follow-up assessments (6 or more months post-intervention) were described in 14 publications.
“Long-term follow-up assessments (6 or more months post-intervention) were described in 14 publications [37, 39, 43, 48, 49, 51–53, 59, 60, 62, 63, 68, 69].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
A total of five research groups have described psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.
“A total of five research groups have described psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals with mild cognitive impairment [36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 62–64].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Gildengers, A. G., Butters, M. A., Albert, S. M., Anderson, S. J., Dew, M. A., Erickson, K., Garand, L., Karp, J. F., Lockovich, M. H., Morse, J., & Reynolds, C. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Butters, Meryl A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 444-454
- ISSN
- 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4871778
- OpenAlex
- W2221696305
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG024827)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH070719, P30MH090333, R01MH084921, R01MH080240)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK095172)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024153)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- problem-solving therapy, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety prevention, caregiver dyads, older adults, intervention development, treatment acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Cognition, Depression, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pennsylvania, Pilot Projects, Problem Solving, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Caregivers, Patient Satisfaction, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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