SARC-F: A simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
SARC-F includes five components: strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climbing stairs and history of falls, and can be used in the screening phase for older adults, since it has not been currently validated in younger age categories.
“For example, the SARC-F [31,32] includes fi ve components: strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climbing stairs and history of falls, and can be used in the screening phase for older adults, since it has not been currently validated in younger age categories.”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
SARC-F is a validated screening tool for sarcopenia.
“The SARC-F (Strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls) is a validated screening tool for sarcopenia [9, 10]”
From Sex-specific predictive ability of SARC-F and SARC-CalF for ultrasound-based sarcopenia in older adults (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
SARC-F demonstrates high specificity but low sensitivity, which limits its standalone utility.
“While SARC-F demonstrates high specificity, its low sensitivity limits its standalone utility, highlighting its role in identifying individuals who require further diagnostic evaluation.”
From Sex-specific predictive ability of SARC-F and SARC-CalF for ultrasound-based sarcopenia in older adults (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601 · see citing works
Frailty Consensus: A Call to Action
Morley, J. E., Vellas, B. J., van Kan, G. A., Anker, S. D., Bauer, J. M., Bernabei, R., Cesari, M., Chumlea, W. C., Doehner, W., Evans, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022 · Cited by 4,078 · see citing works
Self-citationFielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J. E., Newman, A. B., Abellan van Kan, G., Andrieu, S., Bauer, J., Breuille, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003 · Cited by 3,256 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus
Morley, J. E., Abbatecola, A. M., Argiles, J. M., Baracos, V., Bauer, J., Bhasin, S., Cederholm, T., Stewart Coats, A. J., Cummings, S. R., Evans, W. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.04.014 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Self-citationMorley, J. E., Baumgartner, R., Roubenoff, R., Mayer, J., & Nair, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1067/mlc.2001.113504 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Self-citationFrailty: Toward a Clinical Definition
van Kan, G. A., Rolland, Y., Morley, J. E., & Vellas, B. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2007.11.005 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia
Morley, J. E., Argiles, J. M., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Cella, D., Deutz, N. E. P., Doehner, W., Fearon, K. C. H., Ferrucci, L., Hellerstein, M. K., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.014 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Self-citationTieland, M., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Verdijk, L. B., van de Rest, O., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.020 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Leenders, M., Verdijk, L. B., van der Hoeven, L., Adam, J. J., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Nilwik, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.02.006 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Tieland, M., van de Rest, O., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Mensink, M., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Sinclair, A., Morley, J. E., Rodriguez-Mañas, L., Paolisso, G., Bayer, T., Zeyfang, A., Bourdel-Marchasson, I., Vischer, U., Woo, J., Chapman, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.012 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationPatel, H. P., Syddall, H. E., Jameson, K., Robinson, S. M., Denison, H. J., Roberts, H. C., Edwards, M. H., Dennison, E. M., Cooper, C. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afs197 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Gobbens, R. J. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Luijkx, K. G., Wijnen-Sponselee, M. T., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2009.11.008 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Peters, L. L., Boter, H., Buskens, E., & Slaets, J. P. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.007 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and Mortality among Older Nursing Home Residents
Landi, F., Liperoti, R., Fusco, D., Mastropaolo, S., Quattrociocchi, D., Proia, A., Tosato, M., Bernabei, R., & Onder, G. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.07.004 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Wittert, G., Chapman, I. M., Haren, M. T., Mackintosh, S. F., Coates, P. S., & Morley, J. E. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.7.m618 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational working group on Sarcopenia
Chumlea, W. M. C., Cesari, M., Evans, W. J., Ferrucci, L., Fielding, R. A., Pahor, M., Studenski, S. A., & Vellas, B. J. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0092-7 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Singh, N. A., Quine, S., Clemson, L. M., Williams, E. J., Williamson, D. A., Stavrinos, T. M., Grady, J. N., Perry, T. J., Lloyd, B. D., Smith, E. U. R., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.08.005 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Mortality as an adverse outcome of sarcopenia
Arango-Lopera, V. E., Arroyo, P., Gutiérrez‐Robledo, L. M., Pérez‐Zepeda, M. U., & Cesari, M. (2013) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0434-0 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Rapp, K., Becker, C., Cameron, I. D., König, H., & Büchele, G. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.06.011 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Relationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the components of clinical sarcopenia
Sjöblom, S., Suuronen, J., Rikkonen, T., Honkanen, R., Kröger, H., & Sirola, J. P. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.016 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
FRAX® with and without Bone Mineral Density
Kanis, J. А., McCloskey, E. V., Johansson, H., Odén, A., & Leslie, W. D. (2011) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-011-9544-7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Falls in the Nursing Home: Are They Preventable?
Vu, M. Q., Weintraub, N., & Rubenstein, L. Z. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2005.12.016 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Valenzuela, T. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.11.001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and fragility fractures.
Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Maggi, S. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults
Mithal, A., Bonjour, J., Boonen, S., Burckhardt, P., Degens, H., Fuleihan, G. E. H., Josse, R., Lips, P., Torres, J., Rizzoli, R., et al. (2012) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2236-y · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Leslie, W. D., Lix, L. M., Langsetmo, L., Berger, C., Goltzman, D., Hanley, D. A., Adachi, J. D., Johansson, H., Odén, A., McCloskey, E. V., et al. (2010) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1464-2 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Morley, J. E. (2001) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(00)00192-4 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationYamada, M., Arai, H., Sonoda, T., & Aoyama, T. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Choi, M., & Hector, M. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.04.022 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and ICU Outcomes in Veterans
McKinney, J. D., Bailey, B. A., Garrett, L. H., Peiris, P., Manning, T. G., & Peiris, A. N. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.004 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The times they are a-changing?
Sparks, T. H., & Crick, H. Q. P. (1999) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270900003300 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents
Bauer, J. M., Kaiser, M. J., & Sieber, C. C. (2008) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2008.04.010 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Prevalence of sarcopenia in Japanese women with osteopenia and osteoporosis
Miyakoshi, N., Hongo, M., Mizutani, Y., & Shimada, Y. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-013-0443-z · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Linkage between muscle and bone
Kaji, H. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32835fe6a5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Neyens, J. C. L., van Haastregt, J. C. M., Dijcks, B., Martens, M., van den Heuvel, W. J., de Witte, L., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.07.018 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Update on diabetes in the elderly and in nursing home residents
Migdal, A., Yarandi, S. S., Smiley, D., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.02.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., Herning, M. M., & Morley, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-013-0106-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMartínez-Reig, M., Ahmad, L., & Duque, G. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.011 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Morley, J. E. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.12.009 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationSARCOPENIA: THE TARGET POPULATION
Malmstrom, T. K., & Morley, J. E. (2013) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2013.8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing Awareness of the Factors Producing Falls: The Mini Falls Assessment
Morley, J. E., Rolland, Y., Tolson, D., & Vellas, B. J. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.11.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMORLEY, J. (2007) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2007.04.008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia: A Novel Clinical Condition or Still a Matter for Research?
Cesari, M., & Vellas, B. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Detecting Frailty in Primary Care: A Major Challenge for Primary Care Physicians
Bugat, M.-È. R., Cestac, P., Oustric, S., Vellas, B. J., & Nourhashémi, F. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Román, D. A. D. L., Mahoney, K., & Mohamadi, A. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.09.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Supplementation With Vitamin D and Calcium in Long-Term Care Residents
Demontiero, O., Herrmann, M., & Duque, G. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.09.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Morley, J. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.07.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOsteoporosis and Fragility Fractures
Morley, J. E. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.04.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes Mellitus: “The Times They Are A-Changin”
Morley, J. E. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.06.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., Kim, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012 · Cited by 7,070 · see citing works
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31138-9 · Cited by 3,905 · see citing works
Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement
Donini, L. M., Busetto, L., Bischoff, S. C., Cederholm, T., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Batsis, J. A., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Dicker, D., et al. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000521241 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement
Donini, L. M., Busetto, L., Bischoff, S. C., Cederholm, T., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Batsis, J. A., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Dicker, D., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.014 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
“For example, the SARC-F [31, 32] includes five components: strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climbing stairs and history of falls, and can be used in the screening phase for older adults, since it has not been currently validated in younger age catego - ries.”
Cao, L., & Morley, J. E. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.001 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationValidating the SARC-F: A Suitable Community Screening Tool for Sarcopenia?
Woo, J., Leung, J., & Morley, J. E. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.021 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationHeyland, D. K., Patel, J., Compher, C., Rice, T. W., Bear, D. E., Lee, Z.-Y., González, V. C., O'Reilly, K., Regala, R., Wedemire, C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02469-2 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Liu, P., Hao, Q., Hai, S., Wang, H., Cao, L., & Dong, B. (2017) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.04.007 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: a narrative review
Prado, C. M., Purcell, S. A., Alish, C., Pereira, S. L., Deutz, N. E., Heyland, D. K., Goodpaster, B. H., Tappenden, K. A., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2018.1511918 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Performance of SARC-F in Regard to Sarcopenia Definitions, Muscle Mass and Functional Measures
Bahat, G., Yilmaz, O., Kiliç, C., Oren, M. M., & Karan, M. A. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1067-8 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia
Morley, J. E. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, M., Hu, X., Xie, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, J., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Han, Z., Zhang, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.016 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Cheng, K. Y., Chow, S. K., Hung, V. W., Wong, C. H., Wong, R. M., Tsang, C. S., Kwok, T., & Cheung, W. (2021) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12825 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Kim, M., & Won, C. W. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.018 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Gortan Cappellari, G., Guillet, C., Poggiogalle, E., Ballesteros Pomar, M. D., Batsis, J. A., Boirie, Y., Breton, I., Frara, S., Genton, L., Gepner, Y., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.018 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults
Coll, P. P., Phu, S., Hajjar, S. H., Kirk, B., Duque, G., & Taxel, P. (2021) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.17043 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Comparison of Three Screening Methods for Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Persons
Mo, Y.-H., Zhong, J., Dong, X., Su, Y.-D., Deng, W.-Y., Yao, X.-M., Liu, B.-B., Wang, X.-Q., & Wang, X.-H. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.041 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Murray, T. É., Williams, D., & Lee, M. J. (2017) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-017-1124-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Courel-Ibáñez, J., Buendía-Romero, Á., Pallarés, J. G., García-Conesa, S., Martínez-Cava, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.05.037 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Merchant, R. A., Chan, Y. H., Hui, R. J. Y., Tsoi, C. T., Kwek, S. C., Tan, W. M., Lim, J. Y., Sandrasageran, S., Wong, B. L. L., Chen, M. Z., et al. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111362 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationIda, S., Nakai, M., Ito, S., Ishihara, Y., Imataka, K., Uchida, A., Monguchi, K., Kaneko, R., Fujiwara, R., Takahashi, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Grönstedt, H., Vikström, S., Cederholm, T., Franzén, E., Luiking, Y. C., Seiger, Å., Wimo, A., Faxén-Irving, G., & Boström, A.-M. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.030 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity in Older Adults
Žižka, O., Haluzík, M., & Jude, E. B. (2024) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-024-01150-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Vest, A. R., DiDomenico, R. J., Lichtenstein, L., Slater, T., Ekpo, E., Damluji, A. A., Bohula, E., Alviar, C. L., on behalf of the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, & Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001405 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
How Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery Affects Sarcopenia Parameters and Diagnosis
Mendes, C., Carvalho, M., Bravo, J., Martins, S., & Raimundo, A. (2025) · Surgeries · doi:10.3390/surgeries6020031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fadiloglu, A., Ceker, E., Cataltepe, E., Gungor, F., Karakurt, N., & Varan, H. D. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07510-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The SARC-F (Strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls) is a validated screening tool for sarcopenia [9, 10], with strong evidence linking it to sarcopenia-related outcomes such as functional decline, hospitalization, quality of life, and mortality [9, 11].”
- Authors
- Malmstrom, T. K., & Morley, J. E.
- ORCID
- Morley, John E.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 531-532
- ISSN
- 1525-8610 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2155173050
- Cited by
- 1,319
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 181 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, SARC-F questionnaire, sarcopenia screening, rapid diagnosis, muscle mass assessment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Geriatric Assessment, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review