The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 53 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling – A review
Open accessAbstract
This paper reviews studies of the environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling, to provide a summary of the current knowledge and point out areas for further research. Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling). Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (29%), and fabric recycling (14%). Cotton (76%) and polyester (63%) are the most studied materials. The reviewed publications provide strong support for claims that textile reuse and recycling in general reduce environmental impact compared to incineration and landfilling, and that reuse is more beneficial than recycling. The studies do, however, expose scenarios under which reuse and recycling are not beneficial for certain environmental impacts. For example, as benefits mainly arise due to the avoided production of new products, benefits may not occur in cases with low replacement rates or if the avoided production processes are relatively clean. Also, for reuse, induced customer transport may cause environmental impact that exceeds the benefits of avoided production, unless the use phase is sufficiently extended. In terms of critical methodological assumptions, authors most often assume that textiles sent to recycling are wastes free of environmental burden, and that reused products and products made from recycled materials replace products made from virgin fibres. Examples of other content mapped in the review are: trends of publications over time, common aims and geographical scopes, commonly included and omitted impact categories, available sources of primary inventory data, knowledge gaps and future research needs. The latter include the need to study cascade systems, to explore the potential of combining various reuse and recycling routes.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes 41 studies on the environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling, finding broad support that reuse and recycling generally reduce impacts compared with incineration and landfilling, and that reuse is usually more beneficial than recycling. It also identifies conditions under which benefits may not occur, especially low replacement rates, fossil-powered recycling, and transport burdens in reuse.
Key findings
- The review covers 41 publications: 85% deal with recycling, 44% with reuse, and 29% with both. Fibre recycling is most studied (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (23%), and fabric recycling (14%). Cotton is the most studied material (76%), followed by polyester (63%), viscose (25%), and wool (20%).
- The literature strongly supports that textile reuse and recycling generally reduce environmental impact compared to incineration and landfilling, and that reuse is more beneficial than recycling, except under certain circumstances related to transportation distances.
- Benefits mainly arise from avoided production of new products. Studies expose scenarios where reuse/recycling may not be beneficial: low replacement rates, recycling powered by fossil energy, avoided production processes that are relatively clean, and for reuse, induced customer transport that exceeds avoided-production benefits unless the use phase is sufficiently extended.
- Climate change is by far the most studied impact category, covered in 39 of 41 studies; energy use is second, covered in 18. Authors most often assume textiles sent to recycling are waste free of environmental burden (cut-off allocation) and that reused/recycled products replace virgin-fibre products (system expansion), often with an unjustified 1:1 replacement rate.
Methods
- Literature review in two steps: searching Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar in May–June 2017 with a Boolean search string, then applying inclusion/exclusion rules. This yielded 41 publications: 21 peer-reviewed papers and 20 other publication types.
- Content was mapped using questions on aims, methods, product systems, reuse/recycling type, materials, geographical scope, allocation methods, primary inventory data, impact categories, conclusions, and citations between studies.
- All 41 publications are either a full LCA, a streamlined/partial LCA, or use LCA data as input; the review synthesizes results descriptively and maps citation linkages.
Limitations
- Stated gaps: need more detailed studies and updated, publicly available primary inventory data, particularly for collection and sorting processes and for monomer and polymer recycling; only 10 of the 41 reviewed studies contain primary data on reuse or recycling processes.
- Stated gaps: lack of studies on cascade systems, actual replacement rates for different markets and product types, and future systems accounting for changes in background systems.
- Evident from the text: the search was limited to English and Swedish and excluded studies before 2003; 20 of 41 publications were not peer-reviewed; collection and/or sorting were fully or partly excluded in about half of the studies; and many studies focus narrowly on climate change and energy use, risking missed impacts and problem shifting.
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
2 of 53 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As the length of the fibres and the constituent molecules are reduced by wear and laundry (Palme et al., 2014), fabric and fibre recycling typically yields materials of lower quality (if quality is defined in terms of fibre quality) than materials made from virgin fibres (unless mixed with yarn from virgin fibres).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.1. A topology of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Palme et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says laundering reduces the degree of polymerization of cotton cellulose, and the Abstract reports a substantial decrease in molecular mass after more than 50 launderings. These support shortening of the constituent molecules. The paper describes fibre abrasion and damage in Results and discussion, but does not establish that wear and laundering reduce fibre length. The citation is attached to that first clause, not to the subsequent claim about recycled-material quality or mixing with virgin yarn. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Polymer, oligomer and monomer recycling is, however, hindered by a lack of technologies for sorting and separation into pure enough fractions ( € Ostlund et al., 2015), although there have recently been significant breakthroughs in the separation of cotton/polyester blends (Palme et al., 2017).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.2. Current status of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Palme et al., 2017 source
The Conclusions report a method that separates polycotton sheets into cotton residue and PET-derived monomers, yielding pure cotton and terephthalic acid streams. The Background says the authors found no prior research papers on alkaline hydrolysis of PET in polycotton as a recycling method. Together, these passages support the paraphrase that the study represents a recent significant advance in separating cotton/polyester blends. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (29%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (29%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies do, however, expose scenarios under which reuse and recycling are not beneficial for certain environmental impacts.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All 41 publications are either a full LCA or a streamlined/partial LCA, or use LCA data as input.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.4. Methods used in publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In publications of recycling, fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (23%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most of these cases, the presumably replaced production processes, and sometimes also recycling processes, are assumed to be located in Asia.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In publications of recycling, fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (23%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among the studies that do elaborate on the use of the results, national policy development is a frequent theme”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 40
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (29%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cotton (76%) and polyester (63%) are the most studied materials.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (29%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cotton (76%) and polyester (63%) are the most studied materials.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rules for selecting literature described in the method section of this paper generated a list of 41 publications: 21 peerreviewed papers and 20 other types of publications (see Table 1).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty, or 73%, of the studies concern reuse/recycling of waste generated in Europe, in which the Nordic countries (10 studies), the UK (7) and Italy (4) dominate.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As publications often cover both reuse and recycling, or several types of recycling, the number of publications in Fig. 4 exceeds the total number of publications (as shown in Fig. 3).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.2. Trends over time
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the most frequent allocation methods encountered in our review are cut-off allocation for recycled input materials and system expansion for reused products and products made from recycled materials.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It can be noted that it is quite common to study both reuse and recycling in the same publication (29% of publications).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, no review of such studies has been published in the academic literature or elsewhere”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cotton is the most studied material (covered in 76% of the studies) both for studies of reuse and recycling, followed by polyester (63%), also counting bottle-to-fibre recycling, viscose (25%) and wool (20%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, there are more studies written in the English language exploring recycling in Sweden (7) than in the USA (3), an English-speaking country with about 30 times larger population than Sweden.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In publications of recycling, fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (23%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More publications deal with recycling (85%) than with reuse (44%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, authors most often assume that the material input to recycling systems is a waste free of environmental burdens, and that reused products and products made from recycled materials substitute functionally equivalent products made from virgin fibres.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no substantial differences between peer-reviewed and other types of publications with regard to the studied material type.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, Allwood et al. (2006) identified that increased recycling in the UK may reduce cotton cultivation (and associated environmental impact) in the USA, but increase energy use (and associated environmental impact) in the UK.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.8. Findings e the environmental potential of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Allwood et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ionising radiation (4)”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibre recycling is the most studied recycling type (57%), followed by polymer/oligomer recycling (37%), monomer recycling (23%), and fabric recycling (14%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“As climate change is also considered in all remaining publications except two e Sahni et al. (2010) and AITEX (2007) e it is by far the most studied impact category or inventory indicator.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahni et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites AITEX, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When reuse and recycling are both considered, the former is found to be more beneficial than the latter (Dahlbo et al., 2017;Schmidt et al., 2016;Zamani et al., 2015;Beton et al., 2014;Corsten et al., 2013;Palm et al., 2013;Farrant et al., 2010;McGill, 2009;Bartl, 2009), except for under certain circumstances with regard to transportation distances (Fortuna and Diyamandoglu, 2017).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.8. Findings e the environmental potential of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of critical methodological assumptions, authors most often assume that textiles sent to recycling are wastes free of environmental burden (i.e., cut-off allocation) and that reused products and products made from recycled materials replace products made from virgin fibres (i.e., system expansion).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Related to the choice of replacement rate, is the common assumption that the recycled fibre only gets one additional use cycle.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In their case, it was shown that climate impact can increase if recycling processes are powered by fossil energy and/or if virgin cotton as a consequence is assumed to be replaced, as cotton is a fibre associated with relatively low climate impact.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.8. Findings e the environmental potential of textile reuse and recycling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the selection criteria (see section 2.1), we found 41 publications, whereof 21 are peer-reviewed and 20 are other types of publications.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“photochemical oxidant formation (12)”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cotton is the most studied material (76%), followed by polyester (63%), viscose (25%) and wool (20%).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ozone layer depletion (9)”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on the number of citations from other environmental assessments of reuse/recycling, Woolridge et al. (2006) appears to be considered the seminal piece of work among the reviewed studies, with 15 citations, followed by Allwood et al. (2006) with 10 citations and Farrant et al. (2010) with 9 citations.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.7. Linkages between studies and citations
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, peer-reviewed publications have, on average, more citations: about 0.8 citations per year, compared to 0.4 for publications not subject to peer-review (accounting for studies published before 2016).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.7. Linkages between studies and citations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-five percent of the publications deal with recycling, 44% with reuse, and 29% with both reuse and recycling.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and waste (in kg; 4)”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six publications include some kind of weighting”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acidification (of some kind) and eutrophication (of some kind) are studied in 17 publications each”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, there is a lack of studies exploring the limits of textile reuse and recycling, and the benefits of combining different types of reuse and recycling routes.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some of the reviewed publications do consider future recycling technologies (e.g.€ Ostlund et al., 2015), but it would be valuable to see more explorative studies accounting for changes in background systems, which are also in constant flux.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites € Ostlund et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there is a lack of studies of future systems.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This data is from an unspecified year of origin and lack information on, for example, recovery rates of certain chemicals used in the processes.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Patagonia (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies also expose scenarios under which reuse and recycling may not be beneficial, for example in cases of low replacement rates, if recycling processes are powered by fossil energy, or if the avoided production processes are relatively clean.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Monomer and polymer recycling have been studied in several of the reviewed studies, but the modelling is sometimes based on rough estimates and/or old inventory data.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirdly, as mentioned in section 3.5, there is a need for studies on actual replacement rates for textile reuse and recycling, for various markets and product types.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, there is a lack of studies of the environmental potential of cascade systems designed to get the most out of a given virgin or recycled material.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the modelling of synthetic monomer recycling in Zamani et al. (2015) and Schmidt et al. (2016), and one of the four synthetic monomer recycling models in Shen et al. (2010a, b), are based on inventory data from Patagonia (2006), originally from the Japanese company Teijin.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.9. Gaps and further research
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To conclude, the reviewed publications elucidate several potential stumbling blocks for achieving environmental benefits by increasing textile reuse and recycling.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.8. Findings e the environmental potential of textile reuse and recycling
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The global demand for textile products is steadily increasing (The Fiber Year Consulting, 2015;Oerlikon, 2010), a trend likely to continue due population growth and economic development.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Fiber Year Consulting, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Oerlikon, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sixty-three percent of textile fibres are derived from petrochemicals (Lenzing, 2017) whose production and fate give rise to considerable carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions (Shen et al., 2010a).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lenzing, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The remaining 37% is dominated by cotton (24%), a thirsty plant associated with water depletion e the desiccation of the Aral Sea being the most infamous example (Micklin, 2007) e and toxic pollution, due to intensive use of pesticides (FAO-ICAC, 2015).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Micklin, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites FAO-ICAC, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The remaining 37% is dominated by cotton (24%), a thirsty plant associated with water depletion e the desiccation of the Aral Sea being the most infamous example (Micklin, 2007) e and toxic pollution, due to intensive use of pesticides (FAO-ICAC, 2015).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Micklin, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites FAO-ICAC, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The above percentages could be underestimates as at least one the studied reused/recycled materials is not specified in four of the publications, and information on the type of recycling is missing in six.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the low recycling rate today, there is a great potential to also increase recycling, particularly polymer, oligomer and monomer recycling, thereby preventing textile waste that cannot be reused or fabric/fibre-recycled from being landfilled or incinerated.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.2. Current status of textile reuse and recycling
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So from an LCA methodological perspective, either the aims are poorly phrased, or the studies of textile reuse and recycling are driven by an interest or curiosity to increase knowledge, rather than to support specific informational needs”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are, however, large variations within Europe: more prominent examples are Germany, in which about 70% of disposed textiles are collected for reuse and recycling, whereof a fraction is separated for incineration (Textile Recycling Association, 2005), and Denmark, in which about 50% is collected, mainly for reuse domestically or abroad (Palm et al., 2014).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.2. Current status of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Textile Recycling Association, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Roos et al. (2016) show that such a grand transition requires a combination of different measures for impact reduction, most likely including more reuse and recycling.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roos et al. (2016) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high prevalence of fibre recycling is probably due to the fact that it is a relatively common recycling route, widely applied in commercial scale both in terms of downcycling (e.g. to insulation) and textile-to-textile recycling (e.g.re-spinning of new yarn from cotton or wool waste).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There are, however, large variations within Europe: more prominent examples are Germany, in which about 70% of disposed textiles are collected for reuse and recycling, whereof a fraction is separated for incineration (Textile Recycling Association, 2005), and Denmark, in which about 50% is collected, mainly for reuse domestically or abroad (Palm et al., 2014).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.2. Current status of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Palm et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wet treatment processes (dyeing, finishing, printing, etc.) are major sources of toxic emissions (Roos et al., 2015b), and spinning of yarns and weaving/knitting of fabrics most often rely on fossil energy use, causing emissions such as CO 2 and particulates (Roos et al., 2015a).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roos et al., 2015a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, increased fibre production via recycling may increase total global fibre supply and thereby reduce the price and increase the demand for fibres.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased textile reuse and recycling could potentially reduce the production of virgin textile fibres and, in the case of reuse, also avoid engineering processes further downstream in the textile product life cycle, and thus reduce environmental impact.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that the interest for textile reuse and recycling (or at least the environmental impact thereof) is indeed greater in Europe than elsewhere, with a particularly strong interest in Northern Europe.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The number of publications in a region reflects the level of interest in that region.
In the paper
“For example, in Europe about 15e20% of disposed textiles are collected (the rest is landfilled or incinerated), whereof about 50% is downcycled and 50% is reused, mainly through exporting to developing countries (Textile Recycling Association, 2005).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1.2. Current status of textile reuse and recycling
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Textile Recycling Association, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In either case, this makes it difficult for us to generalise regarding the intended use of the publications and to what extent methods and scopes generally have been designed to fulfil the intended use.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.3. Aims and scopes of publications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The preponderance of studies on polyester and cotton reflects the domination of fibre markets by these fibres e they occupy about 51% and 24% of the global market, respectively (Lenzing, 2017;The Fiber Year Consulting, 2015).”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.1. Overview of publications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lenzing, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites The Fiber Year Consulting, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Allwood et al. (2006) suggest greenhouse emissions, water use, toxic chemicals and waste are the main environmental issues facing the textile industry.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Allwood et al. (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is important to include impact categories corresponding to the environmental issues associated with conventional cotton, namely water depletion and toxicity”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and allocation based on fibre length may become an obvious alternative for analysts wishing to avoid the uncertainties associated with system expansion and replacement rates.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Often only one or a few indicators are studied, introducing a risk that relevant impacts are missed, potentially contributing to problem shifting and sub-optimisation.”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 4. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While presumably unproblematic for monomer recycling scenarios, successive reduction in the fibre length of the recycled fabrics or fibres over multiple reuse or recycling life cycles would reduce the range of functions available to manufacturers”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.5. Allocation procedures and replacement rates
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So the common narrow focus on climate change and energy use may not capture the real benefits of many types of textile reuse and recycling, thereby potentially contributing to problem shifting”
§ Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling e A review > 3.6. Impact categories and inventory indicators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Polymer, oligomer and monomer recycling typically yields fibres of similar quality to virgin fibres.
“In contrast, polymer, oligomer and monomer recycling typically yields fibres of similar quality to virgin fibres.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Collection and sorting of textile waste have non-negligible environmental impact.
“Nonetheless, the common exclusion of collection and sorting indicates that several studies have underestimated the environmental impact of reuse and recycling systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The benefits of reuse and recycling are mainly due to the avoidance of the manufacturing of new products.
“For example, as the benefits of reuse and recycling are mainly due to the avoidance of the manufacturing of new products, low replacement rates can eliminate the benefits (as was discussed in section 3.5).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of publications in a region reflects the level of interest in that region.
“This indicates that the interest for textile reuse and recycling (or at least the environmental impact thereof) is indeed greater in Europe than elsewhere, with a particularly strong interest in Northern Europe.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract and results disagree on the share studying monomer recycling
MinorThe abstract reports 29% for monomer recycling, whereas the results and conclusions report 23%.
“monomer recycling (29%)”
“monomer recycling (23%)”
Abstract and results disagree on the share of studies covering reuse
MinorThe abstract says 41% of studies cover reuse, while the results and conclusions both say 44%.
“Forty-one studies were reviewed, whereof 85% deal with recycling and 41% with reuse (27% cover both reuse and recycling).”
“More publications deal with recycling (85%) than with reuse (44%).”
Abstract and results disagree on the share covering both reuse and recycling
MinorThe abstract reports 27% covering both reuse and recycling, but the results and conclusions report 29%.
“(27% cover both reuse and recycling)”
“It can be noted that it is quite common to study both reuse and recycling in the same publication (29% of publications).”
Citations
Cites
Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1259855 · Cited by 12,527
You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online
Belk, R. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.001 · Cited by 2,951 · cited 1×
“In the academic literature, various forms of reuse have been conceptualised in terms such as collaborative consumption, product-service systems, commercial sharing systems and access-based consumption (Belk, 2014).”
BackgroundMicklin, P. (2007) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140120 · Cited by 755 · cited 7×
“…Guardia, 2017; Yasin et al., 2016; €Ostlund et al., 2015; Muthu et al., 2012a; Allwood et al., 2006), it is important to include impact categories corresponding to the environmental issues associated with conventional cotton, namely water depletion and toxicity (Roos et al., 2015a; Micklin, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialAllocation in ISO 14041—a critical review
Ekvall, T., & Finnveden, G. (2001) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/s0959-6526(00)00052-4 · Cited by 519 · cited 1×
“…to when the material from a product is recycled and used in a (more or less) identical product, whereas open-loop recycling (also called cascade recycling) refers to processes in which the material from a product is recycled and used in another product (Ekvall and Finnveden, 2001; Kl€opffer, 1996).”
BackgroundOpen-loop recycling: A LCA case study of PET bottle-to-fibre recycling
Shen, L., Worrell, E., & Patel, M. K. (2010) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.06.014 · Cited by 514 · cited 4×
“Next to Shen et al. (2010b), Woolridge et al. (2006) and Liang et al. (2012) have gained most citations per year, 7.1 and 5.8, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialPutting a circular economy into practice in China
Zhi-jun, F., & Nai-ling, Y. (2007) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-006-0018-1 · Cited by 385 · cited 2×
“The interest in increased textile reuse and recycling is consistent with the increased attention being given to the circular economy concept in international and national policy, see for example the 2015 EU Circular Economy Action Plan (EC, 2017) and the 11th Chinese five-year plan issued in 2006 (Zhijun and Nailing,…”
BackgroundZamani, B., Sandin, G., & Peters, G. M. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.128 · Cited by 339 · cited 2×
“Some authors identify the issue that unless the use phase is sufficiently extended, the additional transport and other efforts associated with additional life cycles may exceed the benefits of avoided production (Fortuna and Diyamandoglu, 2017; Zamani et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWell dressed? The present and future sustainability of clothing and textiles in the United Kingdom.
Mdr, C. (2006) · Cited by 324
Environmental impact assessment of man-made cellulose fibres
Shen, L., Worrell, E., & Patel, M. K. (2010) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.10.001 · Cited by 289 · cited 4×
“Next to Shen et al. (2010b), Woolridge et al. (2006) and Liang et al. (2012) have gained most citations per year, 7.1 and 5.8, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialEnvironmental benefits from reusing clothes
Farrant, L., Olsen, S. I., & Wangel, A. (2010) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-010-0197-y · Cited by 278 · cited 5×
“Six publications include some kind of weighting, either endpoint indicators complementing midpoint indicators (Dahlbo et al., 2017; Beton et al., 2014; Palm et al., 2013; Farrant et al., 2010), or end-point indicators without showing results for the contributing midpoint indicators (Muthu et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Oerlikon, 2010, The fiber year 2009/10, World SurveyTextNonwovens Ind
- Östlund, 2015, Textilåtervinning: Tekniska möjligheter och utmaningar [Textile recycling – technical opportunities and challenges], Naturvårdsverket rapport, 6685
- Stevenson, 2012, Study into consumer second-hand shopping behaviour to identify the re-use displacement effect, Waste Res. Act. Prog. (WRAP)
- The Fiber Year Consulting, 2015, The Fiber Year 2015, World Survey on Textiles and Nonwovens, Issue, 15
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,084 of 1,084
Connecting the dots: Logistics, blue, and circular economy in fishing activities
Alves, W., Gomes, A., & Garcia, J. E. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27396-4.00032-4
Sathish, R. B., Singh, S., & Girija, R. (2026) · Research Journal of Textile and Apparel · doi:10.1108/rjta-12-2024-0211
Gupta, N. K., & Yadav, S. (2026) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i8s.2026.7710
Hou, C., Xue, D., Shi, T., et al. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-12-2025-2664
Abagnato, S., Peters, G. M., Grosso, M., et al. (2026) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115589
Self-citationDesigning for a Second Life: Principles of Recyclability and Material Recovery in Product Design
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Cost and Potential of Circular Economy Measures for CO 2 Mitigation in the Textile Industry
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“The recycled materials are low-cost and abundant, making them ideal raw materials for nonwoven fabrics [1].”
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Exploring Managerial Challenges in Sustainable Material Implementation in Fashion Design
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Digital Waste in Fashion: The Overlooked Circularity Challenge
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“While sustainability literature remains predominantly fixated on material flows, fibres, garments, and post-consumer textile disposal [35 , 36 ], fashion’s value creation is rapidly shifting toward data-driven, virtual, and platform-based systems.”
Current Trends and Sustainability Practices in Textile Waste Recycling
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Biodegradability of Technical Textiles—A Review
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The circularity paradox in secondhand markets: value retention, allocation, and rebound effects
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From textile waste remediation to sustainable 3D cellular models and tissue regeneration
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sandin, G., & Peters, G. M.
- Affiliations
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sandin, Gustav
- ORCID
- Sandin, Gustav
- Venue
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 184
- Pages
- 353-365
- ISSN
- 0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2789335896
- Cited by
- 1,087
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 170 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 36.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Union's (646226)
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Keywords
- textile reuse, textile recycling, environmental impact, fiber recycling, polymer recycling, cotton, polyesters, incineration, landfilling, replacement rate, cascade systems, life cycle assessment
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