Organoids to model liver disease
Open accessAbstract
The organoid model represents a major breakthrough in cell biology that has revolutionised biomedical research. Organoids are 3D physiological in vitro structures that recapitulate morphological and functional features of in vivo tissues and offer significant advantages over traditional cell culture methods. Liver organoids are of particular interest because of the pleiotropy of functions exerted by the human liver, their utility to model different liver diseases, and their potential application as cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Moreover, because they can be derived from patient tissues, organoid models offer new perspectives in personalised medicine and drug discovery. In this review, we discuss the current liver organoid models for the study of liver disease.
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3D liver organoid systems better preserve cell identity and enable longer-term propagation compared with traditional 2D models while also supporting patient-specific disease modeling and drug testing.
“Among the most impactful advances has been the rise of 3D liver organoid systems, which better preserve cell identity and enable longer-term propagation compared with traditional 2D models while also supporting patient-specific disease modeling and drug testing approaches [40,41].”
From The Hepatocyte Expansion Paradox: A Review of In Vitro Challenges and Advances (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Introduction and Table 1 describe long-term expansion of some liver organoids, and the Future perspectives section supports patient-derived disease modeling and drug testing (page numbers unavailable). The comparison with traditional 2D models is too broad: Table 1 rates cancer cell lines as highly maintainable, while the Adult-derived liver organoids section says primary human hepatocytes retain a more mature phenotype than hepatocyte organoids and notes that adult-derived organoids have limited expansion. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells generally show lower functional recapitulation than primary hepatocytes, and most fail to self-renew post-differentiation, requiring repeated rounds of de novo differentiation.
“PSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells illustrate this well; they generally show lower functional recapitulation than PHs, and most fail to self-renew post-differentiation, requiring repeated rounds of de novo differentiation that constrain their direct substitutability with adult hepatocyte systems [40].”
From The Hepatocyte Expansion Paradox: A Review of In Vitro Challenges and Advances (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Nuciforo, S., & Heim, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Heim, Markus H.
- Venue
- JHEP Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100198
- ISSN
- 2589-5559 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7672322
- OpenAlex
- W3094299399
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- JHEP Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- SystemsX.ch
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- European Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- liver organoids, liver disease modeling, organoid culture, regenerative medicine, cell therapy, personalized medicine, drug discovery, patient-derived tissue
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