The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters

Argue, Debbie; Groves, Colin P.; Lee, Michael S.Y.; Jungers, William L.

doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006

Cited by 123Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyEvolution and Paleontology StudiesPrimate Behavior and Ecology

The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters

Argue, Debbie, Groves, Colin P., Lee, Michael S.Y., Jungers, William L.·2017·Journal of Human Evolution

DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006

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Abstract

Although the diminutive Homo floresiensis has been known for a decade, its phylogenetic status remains highly contentious. A broad range of potential explanations for the evolution of this species has been explored. One view is that H. floresiensis is derived from Asian Homo erectus that arrived on Flores and subsequently evolved a smaller body size, perhaps to survive the constrained resources they faced in a new island environment. Fossil remains of H. erectus, well known from Java, have not yet been discovered on Flores. The second hypothesis is that H. floresiensis is directly descended from an early Homo lineage with roots in Africa, such as Homo habilis; the third is that it is Homo sapiens with pathology. We use parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods to test these hypotheses. Our phylogenetic data build upon those characters previously presented in support of these hypotheses by broadening the range of traits to include the crania, mandibles, dentition, and postcrania of Homo and Australopithecus. The new data and analyses support the hypothesis that H. floresiensis is an early Homo lineage: H. floresiensis is sister either to H. habilis alone or to a clade consisting of at least H. habilis, H. erectus, Homo ergaster, and H. sapiens. A close phylogenetic relationship between H. floresiensis and H. erectus or H. sapiens can be rejected; furthermore, most of the traits separating H. floresiensis from H. sapiens are not readily attributable to pathology (e.g., Down syndrome). The results suggest H. floresiensis is a long-surviving relict of an early (>1.75 Ma) hominin lineage and a hitherto unknown migration out of Africa, and not a recent derivative of either H. erectus or H. sapiens.

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Homo floresiensis Contextualized: A Geometric Morphometric Comparative Analysis of Fossil and Pathological Human Samples
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Untitled work
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Hemispheric difference in human skin color
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Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity
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A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines
Détroit, F., Mijares, A. S., Corny, J., Daver, G., Zanolli, C., Dizon, E., Robles, E., Grün, R., & Piper, P. J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Aspects of human physical and behavioural evolution during the last 1 million years
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The spatio-temporal distribution of archaeological and faunal finds at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) in light of the revised chronology for Homo floresiensis
Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M. W., Faith, J. T., Jatmiko, J., Awe, R. D., Meijer, H. J. M., Saptomo, E. W., & Roberts, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Evolution in Isolation
Burns, K. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379953 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Pleistocene Water Crossings and Adaptive Flexibility Within the Homo Genus
Gaffney, D. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-020-09149-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Endocast morphology of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
Holloway, R. L., Hurst, S. D., Garvin, H. M., Schoenemann, P. T., Vanti, W. B., Berger, L. R., & Hawks, J. D. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1720842115 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Chronologic constraints on hominin dispersal outside Africa since 2.48 Ma from the Zarqa Valley, Jordan
Scardia, G., Parenti, F., Miggins, D. P., Gerdes, A., Araújo, A. G. D. M., & Neves, W. A. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Divergence-time estimates for hominins provide insight into encephalization and body mass trends in human evolution
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From Jumbo to Dumbo: Cranial Shape Changes in Elephants and Hippos During Phyletic Dwarfing
van der Geer, A. A. E., Lyras, G., Mitterœcker, P., & MacPhee, R. D. E. (2018) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-018-9451-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Homo sapiensin the Eastern Asian Late Pleistocene
Martinón‐Torres, M., Wu, X., de Castro, J. M. B., Xing, S., & Liu, W. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/694449 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Widespread Denisovan ancestry in Island Southeast Asia but no evidence of substantial super-archaic hominin admixture
Teixeira, J. C., Jacobs, G. S., Stringer, C., Tuke, J., Hudjashov, G., Purnomo, G. A., Sudoyo, H., Cox, M. P., Tobler, R., Turney, C. S. M., et al. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01408-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution
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Direct dating of human fossils and the ever-changing story of human evolution
Grün, R., & Stringer, C. B. (2023) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108379 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Inner tooth morphology of Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian. New evidence from an old collection housed at Uppsala University, Sweden
Zanolli, C., Pan, L., Dumoncel, J., Kullmer, O., Kundrát, M., Liu, W., Macchiarelli, R., Mancini, L., Schrenk, F., & Tuniz, C. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications
Zanolli, C., Kaifu, Y., Pan, L., Xing, S., Mijares, A. S., Kullmer, O., Schrenk, F., Corny, J., Dizon, E., Robles, E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An updated analysis of hominin phylogeny with an emphasis on re-evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of Australopithecus sediba
Mongle, C. S., Strait, D. S., & Grine, F. E. (2023) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103311 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The taxonomic attribution of African hominin postcrania from the Miocene through the Pleistocene: Associations and assumptions
Grine, F. E., Mongle, C. S., Fleagle, J. G., & Hammond, A. S. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103255 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Immature remains and the first partial skeleton of a juvenile Homo naledi, a late Middle Pleistocene hominin from South Africa
Bolter, D. R., Elliott, M., Hawks, J. D., & Berger, L. R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230440 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo nalediPreprint
Berger, L. R., Makhubela, T. V., Molopyane, K., Krüger, A., Randolph-Quinney, P. S., Elliott, M., Peixotto, B., Fuentes, A., Tafforeau, P., Beyrand, V., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89106 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hominin brain size increase has emerged from within-species encephalization
Püschel, T. A., Nicholson, S. L., Baker, J., Barton, R. A., & Venditti, C. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2409542121 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The evolution of vertebral formulae in Hominoidea
Thompson, N. E., & Almécija, S. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brain Changes during Phyletic Dwarfing in Elephants and Hippos
Lyras, G. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000497268 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis
Kaifu, Y., Kurniawan, I., Mizushima, S., Sawada, J., Lague, M. R., Setiawan, R., Sutisna, I., Wibowo, U. P., Suwa, G., Kono, R. T., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Network analysis of the hominin origin of Herpes Simplex virus 2 from fossil data
Underdown, S., Kumar, K., & Houldcroft, C. J. (2017) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/vex026 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, “Creodonta,” Placentalia, Mammalia)
Borths, M. R., & Stevens, N. J. (2017) · Palaeontologia Electronica · doi:10.26879/776 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Multiple Components of Phylogenetic Non-stationarity in the Evolution of Brain Size in Fossil Hominins
Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F., Jardim, L., Mondanaro, A., & Raia, P. (2019) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-019-09471-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival
van den Bergh, G. D., Alloway, B. V., Storey, M., Setiawan, R., Yurnaldi, D., Kurniawan, I., Moore, M. W., Jatmiko, J., Brumm, A., Flude, S., et al. (2022) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quantitative genetics of body size evolution on islands: an individual-based simulation approach
Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F., Jardim, L., Rangel, T. F., Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Hortal, J., Santos, A. M. C., & Raia, P. (2019) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0481 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Constraining the Likely Technological Niches of Late Middle Pleistocene Hominins with Homo naledi as Case Study
Dusseldorp, G. L., & Lombard, M. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09501-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo nalediPreprint
Berger, L. R., Makhubela, T. V., Molopyane, K., Krüger, A., Randolph-Quinney, P. S., Elliott, M., Peixotto, B., Fuentes, A., Tafforeau, P., Beyrand, V., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89106.1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A genotype:phenotype approach to testing taxonomic hypotheses in hominids
Brasil, M. F., Monson, T. A., Schmitt, C. A., & Hlusko, L. J. (2020) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01696-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Incorporating terpenes, monoterpenoids and alkanes into multiresidue organic biomarker analysis of archaeological stone artefacts from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia)
Luong, S., Tocheri, M. W., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, J., & Roberts, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Homo naledi pollical metacarpal shaft morphology is distinctive and intermediate between that of australopiths and other members of the genus Homo
Bowland, L. A., Scott, J. E., Kivell, T. L., Patel, B. A., Tocheri, M. W., & Orr, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103048 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Spine of Early Pleistocene Homo
Meyer, M. R., & Williams, S. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
What kind of hominin first left Africa?
Scardia, G., Neves, W. A., Tattersall, I., & Blumrich, L. (2020) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21863 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The cranial biomechanics and feeding performance ofHomo floresiensis
Cook, R. W., Vazzana, A., Sorrentino, R., Benazzi, S., Smith, A. L., Strait, D. S., & Ledogar, J. A. (2021) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cerebral blood flow rates in recent great apes are greater than in Australopithecus species that had equal or larger brains
Seymour, R. S., Bosiocic, V., Snelling, E. P., Chikezie, P. C., Hu, Q., Nelson, T. J., Zipfel, B., & Miller, C. V. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2208 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo naledi
Berger, L. R., Makhubela, T. V., Molopyane, K., Krüger, A., Randolph-Quinney, P. S., Elliott, M., Peixotto, B., Fuentes, A., Tafforeau, P., Beyrand, V., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89106.3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Palaeoneurology and the Emergence of Language
Mounier, A., Noûs, C., & Balzeau, A. (2020) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.3166/bmsap-2020-0098 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meaning-making behavior in a small-brained hominin, Homo naledi, from the late Pleistocene: contexts and evolutionary implicationsPreprint
Fuentes, A., Kissel, M., Spikins, P., Molopyane, K., Hawks, J. D., & Berger, L. R. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89125 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cladistics and insular evolution, an unfortunate marriage? Another tangle in the Deinogalerix analysis of Borrani et al. (2017)
Ostende, L. W. V. D. H. (2018) · Cladistics · doi:10.1111/cla.12238 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Temporal ranges and ancestry in the hominin fossil record: The case of Australopithecus sediba
Robinson, C. A., Campbell, T. L., Cote, S. M., & de Ruiter, D. J. (2018) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2018/20170327 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How Australopithecus provided insight into human evolution
Falk, D. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02839-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Des traces de boucherie aux outils lithiques de Masol (Pliocène supérieur, Inde du Nord). Une approche psychomotrice de l’origine et de l’identité des hominiens
Malassé, A. D., & Cauche, D. (2022) · L Anthropologie · doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2022.103070 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Meaning-making behavior in a small-brained hominin, Homo naledi, from the late Pleistocene: contexts and evolutionary implications
Fuentes, A., Kissel, M., Spikins, P., Molopyane, K., Hawks, J. D., & Berger, L. R. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543135 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Previously unknown human species found in Asia raises questions about early hominin dispersals from Africa
Tocheri, M. W. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01019-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Why heads matter in palaeoanthropology: The impacts and consequences of collecting skulls
Schroeder, L., Madison, P., & Ackermann, R. (2025) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2025/18481 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Differences in Defence
Burns, K. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379953.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The relative limb size of Homo naledi
Traynor, S., Green, D. J., & Hawks, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103235 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Evolutionary Biology of the Human Pelvis
Wall‐Scheffler, C. M., Kurki, H. K., & Auerbach, B. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108185738 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo nalediPreprint
Berger, L. R., Makhubela, T. V., Molopyane, K., Krüger, A., Randolph-Quinney, P. S., Elliott, M., Peixotto, B., Fuentes, A., Tafforeau, P., Beyrand, V., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89106.2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Multivariate Basis of Human Brain Evolution: The Prerequisites of Fire Control and Cooking
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L’épistémologie des sciences biologiques et géologiques : une occasion d’enseigner l’incertitude ?
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Introduction
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Developmental Biology of the Pelvis
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Pelvis Anatomy
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Preface
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Preface
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Introduction
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Morphological Integration, Evolutionary Processes and Variation in the Human Pelvis
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Reproductive Biology
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Works Cited
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108185738.010
Size Changes
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Appendix
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Index
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Differences in Dispersal
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Index
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Hominin Evolution I
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Leaving Africa
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Authors: Argue, D., Groves, C. P., Lee, M. S. Y., & Jungers, W. L.
Affiliations: Australian National University (AU)
Flinders University (AU)
Stony Brook University Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Argue, Debbie
ORCID: Groves, Colin P.
Lee, Michael S.Y.
Jungers, William L.
Venue: Journal of Human Evolution
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-06
Volume: 107
Pages: 107-133
ISSN: 0047-2484 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006
OpenAlex: W2605702023
Cited by: 123
References: 137
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 68.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Human Evolution (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Research Council (DP1096870)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: Homo floresiensis, hominin phylogeny, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, human, skull morphology, dental morphology, postcranial morphology, island dwarfism, out-of-Africa migration, Down syndrome, Australopithecus
MeSH terms: Africa, Animals, Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Female, Fossils, Humans, Phylogeny, Skull, Hominidae, Islands

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The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters

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