Remaining mysteries of molecular biology: the role of polyamines in the cell
Open accessAbstract
The polyamines (PAs) spermidine, spermine, putrescine and cadaverine are an essential class of metabolites found throughout all kingdoms of life. In this comprehensive review, we discuss their metabolism, their various intracellular functions and their unusual and conserved regulatory features. These include the regulation of translation via upstream open reading frames, the over-reading of stop codons via ribosomal frameshifting, the existence of an antizyme and an antizyme inhibitor, ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation, a complex bi-directional membrane transport system and a unique posttranslational modification-hypusination-that is believed to occur on a single protein only (eIF-5A). Many of these features are broadly conserved indicating that PA metabolism is both concentration critical and evolutionary ancient. When PA metabolism is disrupted, a plethora of cellular processes are affected, including transcription, translation, gene expression regulation, autophagy and stress resistance. As a result, the role of PAs has been associated with cell growth, aging, memory performance, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer. Despite comprehensive studies addressing PAs, a unifying concept to interpret their molecular role is missing. The precise biochemical function of polyamines is thus one of the remaining mysteries of molecular cell biology.
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Polyamines are present in every living cell and have important roles in gene expression and proliferation; their endogenous production in eukaryotic cells is strictly regulated.
“Polyamines are present in every living cell and fulfill important roles in gene expression and proliferation; therefore their endogenous production in eukaryotic cells is strictly regulated (Miller-Fleming et al., 2015).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Miller-Fleming et al., 2015
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Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity
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“Polyamines are present in every living cell and fulfill important roles in gene expression and proliferation; therefore their endogenous production in eukaryotic cells is strictly regulated (Miller-Fleming et al., 2015).”
BackgroundImmune regulation by microbiome metabolites
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Gut-microbiota derived bioactive metabolites and their functions in host physiology
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- Authors
- Miller-Fleming, L., Olin-Sandoval, V., Campbell, K., & Ralser, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ralser, Markus
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 427
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3389-3406
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1000930439
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Francis Crick Institute (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (RG 093735/Z/10/Z)
- European Research Council (260809)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico (232510)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- polyamines, polyamine metabolism, spermidine, spermine, putrescine, cadaverine, translational regulation, upstream open reading frames, ribosomal frameshifting, polyamine transport, hypusination, eIF5A, post-translational modification, autophagy, stress tolerance, gene expression regulation, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Neoplasms, Ornithine Decarboxylase, Polyamines, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Cell Proliferation, Biosynthetic Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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