Cited by 376Gut microbiota and healthImmune Response and InflammationGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Immune regulation by microbiome metabolites

Open access
Kim, Chang H.·2018·Immunology

Abstract

Summary: Commensal microbes and the host immune system have been co‐evolved for mutual regulation. Microbes regulate the host immune system, in part, by producing metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that diverse microbial metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system via host receptors and other target molecules. Immune cells express metabolite‐specific receptors such as P2X 7,GPR 41,GPR 43,GPR 109A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor precursor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR),TGR 5 and other molecular targets. Microbial metabolites and their receptors form an extensive array of signals to respond to changes in nutrition, health and immunological status. As a consequence, microbial metabolite signals contribute to nutrient harvest from diet, and regulate host metabolism and the immune system. Importantly, microbial metabolites bidirectionally function to promote both tolerance and immunity to effectively fight infection without developing inflammatory diseases. In pathogenic conditions, adverse effects of microbial metabolites have been observed as well. Key immune‐regulatory functions of the metabolites, generated from carbohydrates, proteins and bile acids, are reviewed in this article.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/imm.12930

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A balanced gut microbiota maintains the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier and preserves the integrity of the physical intestinal barrier by regulating expression of tight junction proteins, creating an acidic environment in the intestinal lumen, and producing mucin-related peptides.

    “A balanced gut microbiota maintains the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier and preserves the integrity of the physical intestinal barrier by regulating the expression of tight junction proteins, creating an acidic environment in the intestinal lumen, and producing mucin-related peptides [14,21].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [10]Surprenant A, Rassendren F, Kawashima E, North RA, Buell G. The cytolytic P2Z receptor for extracellular ATP identified as a P2X receptor (P2X7). Science 1996; 272:735-8.
  2. [18]Meadow ND, Fox DK, Roseman S. The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system. Annu Rev Biochem 1990; 59:497-542.
  3. [93]Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Bohlooly YM, et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 2013; 341:569-73.
  4. [127]Bernstein H, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Ignatenko N, Gerner E, Dvorak K, et al. Unique dietaryrelated mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:278-93.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kim, C. H.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Kim, Chang H.
Venue
Immunology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-04-17
Volume
154
Issue
2
Pages
220-229
ISSN
  • 0019-2805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2567
OpenAlex
W2790569372
Cited by
375
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 49 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13
FWCI
3.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (R01AI121302, R01AI080769)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords
gut microbiota metabolites, P2X7 receptor, GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, TGR5, bile acids, dietary carbohydrates, dietary protein, immune tolerance, host metabolism, commensal microorganisms
MeSH terms
Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Cholesterol, Disease Susceptibility, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Humans, Indoles, Receptors, Immunologic, Immunomodulation, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review