Emotional granularity and social functioning in individuals with schizophrenia: an experience sampling study.
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Previous research has shown that healthy individuals who fail to differentiate among emotional states (i.e., those with low emotional granularity; EG) have poorer social functioning (SF) than those with high EG. It is unknown, however, whether these associations extend to clinical disorders characterized by impaired SF, such as schizophrenia. In the present study, we compared SF and EG in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and then, within the schizophrenia group, we examined the links between EG and SF. Employing an Experience Sampling Method approach, 77 individuals with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls rated their momentary emotions (sadness, anxiety, anger, and happiness) up to 10 times/day over a two-day period using mobile electronic devices. For each participant, we then calculated the within-subject average correlations among the momentary emotion ratings, producing two EG indices - EGIall for all emotions and EGIneg for negative ones. A subsample of participants with schizophrenia also completed self-report, interview, and ability-based measures of SF. Compared to healthy controls, individuals with schizophrenia displayed significantly poorer SF and lower EGIall, but comparable EGIneg. Within the schizophrenia group, hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that EGIall, but not EGIneg, significantly predicted social dysfunction after controlling for emotional awareness, symptoms, and emotional intensity and variability. Our findings indicate that individuals with schizophrenia have a relatively intact ability to differentiate among negative emotions in everyday life. However, they experience significant difficulties differentiating between positive and negative emotions, and this may contribute to their social difficulties.
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Both cross-sectional and interventional studies have demonstrated that AE can promote cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia across a range of cognitive domains including speed of processing, short-term and working memory, and visual learning.
“Both cross-sectional (Kimhy et al., 2014) and interventional studies (Pajonk et al., 2010; Oertel-Knöchel et al., 2014; Kimhy et al., 2015; McEwen et al., 2015) have demonstrated that AE can promote cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia across a range of cognitive domains including speed of processing, short-term and working memory and visual learning.”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Kimhy et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Kimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ballon, J. S., Malaspina, D., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kimhy, David
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 141-148
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4000561
- OpenAlex
- W2048563048
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21 MH096132, K23 MH077653)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- emotional granularity, social functioning, schizophrenia, emotion differentiation, momentary emotions, negative emotions, positive emotions, emotional awareness, social dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Adjustment, Young Adult
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