The pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders: considerations from a developmental psychopathology perspective
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric problems in children and adolescents. The present article summarizes the main evidence that has accumulated on the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders during the past two decades. Various risk and vulnerability factors (e.g., genetics, behavioral inhibition, disgust sensitivity, negative life events, family influences), protective factors (e.g., effortful control, perceived control), and maintaining factors (e.g., avoidance, cognitive biases) will be discussed. The information will be described in terms of a developmental psychopathology perspective, which assumes that (a) most forms of psychopathology are the result of multiple causal influences; (b) both successful and unsuccessful adaptation are important for understanding the origins of psychopathology; and (c) psychopathology occurs in a developing organism.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If left untreated, anxiety often has a chronic developmental course, predicting anxiety and depression in adulthood.
“If left untreated, anxiety often has a chronic developmental course, predicting anxiety and depression in adulthood (Kessler et al., 2005; Muris, 2006; Woodward and Fergusson, 2001).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Muris, 2006
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,409 · see citing works
From dissertation abstracts international
(1974) · ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics · doi:10.1145/988616.988619 · Cited by 12,207 · see citing works
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035 · see citing works
Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3719 · Cited by 3,644 · see citing works
Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
(1989) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.13.12.698-a · Cited by 3,380 · see citing works
(1985) · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.205 · Cited by 2,438 · see citing works
Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology
Sigel, I. E., & Mussen, P. H. (1972) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161696 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Conditioned emotional reactions.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0069608 · Cited by 2,005 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In their famous experiment, but questionable from an ethical point of view, Watson and Rayner (1920) demonstrated that classical conditioning is indeed involved in the development of certain childhood anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundKochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10802-000 · Cited by 1,670 · see citing works
Gonzalez, R. C., & Mowrer, O. H. (1962) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419634 · Cited by 1,584 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective
Dietch, J. T. (1986) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(86)72726-6 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment.
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Causes and Consequences of Low Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents
Harter, S. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8956-9_5 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8956-9 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children
Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. R., & Ryan, S. M. (1996) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01441484 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Fears, Phobias, and Rituals. Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders.
(1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-607_3 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Galen's Prophecy: Temperament In Human Nature
Kagan, J., Snidman, N. C., Arcus, D. M., & Reznick, J. S. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Muris, P. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00027-7 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., Bosmans, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_27 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?
Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.97.4.487 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
March, J. S. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-01199-0.50251-6 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders and Early Attachment
Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B. R., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
A 3-Year Follow-up of Children with and without Behavioral Inhibition
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., HIRSHFELD, D. R., & Kagan, J. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00016 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?
Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.487 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-2419 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
The development of normal fear
Gullone, E. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00034-3 · Cited by 460 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, ghosts, monsters) and stimuli in their immediate environment, but as the child matures these emotions begin to incorporate anticipatory events and stimuli of an abstract nature (Gullone, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialEisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Losoya, S. H., Murphy, B. C., Jones, S. L., Poulin, R., & Reiser, M. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00233 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Last, C. G., Perrin, S. G., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00019 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Chronic Course of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W. R., Schwartz, C., & Roth, J. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00003 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Gerull, F. C., & Rapee, R. M. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00013-4 · Cited by 352 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Evidence for the role of observational learning in the origins of childhood fear and anxiety was provided in an experimental study by Gerull and Rapee (2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialA twin study of anxiety-related behaviours in pre-school children
Eley, T. C., Bolton, D., O'Connor, T. G., Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Plomin, R. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00179 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Gadet, B., & Moulaert, V. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2901_5 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Muris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., & Fijen, P. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00004-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Westenberg, P. M., Drewes, M. J., Goedhart, A. W., Siebelink, B. M., & Treffers, P. D. A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00239.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Neo-conditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition
Rachman, S. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90093-a · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Muris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., van Melick, M., & Zwambag, L. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00074-x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
MURIS, P., MEESTERS, C., MERCKELBACH, H., SERMON, A., & ZWAKHALEN, S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00009 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The development of childhood anxiety disorders: Toward an integrated model
Manassis, K., & Bradley, S. J. (1994) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90037-x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
How serious are common childhood fears?
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Mayer, B., & Prins, E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00204-6 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Field, A. P., Argyris, N. G., & Knowles, K. A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00080-2 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions
Kendall, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00912722 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective
Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02355667 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Grüner, K., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (1999) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00004-x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Temperamental Influences on the Development of Anxiety Disorders
Lonigan, C. J., & Phillips, B. M. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0004 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Muris, P., de Jong, P. J., & Engelen, S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.007 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
van Brakel, A. M. L., Muris, P., Bögels, S. M., & Thomassen, C. (2006) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9061-x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Perceived parental rearing behaviour and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children
Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00153-6 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Is behavioral inhibition related to the anxiety disorders?
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Wolff, P. L. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00010-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., & Dadds, M. R. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cognition in childhood anxiety: conceptual, methodological, and developmental issues
Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00205-2 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Ollendick, T. H., King, N. J., & Bogie, N. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00155-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression as correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal adolescents
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Schmidt, H. G., Gadet, B., & Bogie, N. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00081-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Muris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., & van Brakel, A. (2003) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1025894928131 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Band, E. B., & Weisz, J. R. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1902_7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
de Jong, P. J., & Muris, P. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00089-5 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Spider phobia in children: disgust and fear before and after treatment
de Jong, P. J., Andrea, H., & Muris, P. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00002-8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Startle Modulation in Children at Risk for Anxiety Disorders and/or Alcoholism
GRILLON, C., DIERKER, L., & MERIKANGAS, K. R. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00014 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., Southam‐Gerow, M. A., & McCarty, C. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.97 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., Southam-Gerow, M. A., & McCarty, C. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.97 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Schmidt, H. G., & Tierney, S. C. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00045-5 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Family Processes in the Development of Anxiety Problems
Dadds, M. R., & Roth, J. H. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0013 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Fears and Fearfulness in Children and Adolescents: a Genetic Analysis of Twin Data
Stevenson, J., Batten, N., & Cherner, M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00919.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Friendships and Recent Life Events of Anxious and Depressed School-Age Children
Goodyer, I. M., Wright, C., & ALTHAM, P. M. E. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.5.689 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cognitive Development and Worry in Normal Children
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021241517274 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Control in Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., Rapee, R. M., & Piña, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026307121386 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Psychopathological correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal children
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Wessel, I., & van de Ven, M. O. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00155-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Muris, P., Rapee, R. M., Meesters, C. M. G., Schouten, E. G. W., & Geers, M. (2003) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00199-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Fear of the beast: a prospective study on the effects of negative information on childhood fear
Muris, P., Bodden, D. H. M., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00137-1 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Topolski, T. D., Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M., Rutter, M. L., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (1997) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025607107566 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Muris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., & Spinder, M. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00069-7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A Twin Study of State and Trait Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence
Legrand, L. N., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00512 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The hierarchic structure of fears
Taylor, S. J. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00012-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 1: Theory and Methods
Warren, S. L., & Olmscheid, M. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199701000-00028 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Oesterheld, J. R. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-199606000-00025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Operant Conditioning Influences in Childhood Anxiety
Ollendick, T. H., Vasey, M. W., & King, N. J. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
van Brakel, A. M. L., Muris, P., & Bögels, S. M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_15 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Muris, P., Vermeer, E., & Horselenberg, R. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Muris, P., Schouten, E., Meesters, C., & Gijsbers, H. (2003) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1023040430308 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative Life Events of Anxiety Disordered Children: Bad Fortune, Vulnerability, or Reporter Bias?
Boer, F., Markus, M. T., Maingay, R., Lindhout, I. E., BORST, S. R., & Hoogendijk, T. H. G. (2002) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1017952605299 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anxiety, Threat Perception Abnormalities, and Emotional Reasoning in Nonclinical Dutch Children
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Schepers, S., & Meesters, C. M. G. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3203_13 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Developmental Aspects of Conditioning Processes in Anxiety Disorders
Dadds, M. R., Davey, G. C. L., & Field, A. P. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Social play with an unfamiliar group in weanling rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Kahana, A., Rozin, A., & Weller, A. (1997) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199703)30:2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Velder, D. M. (1984) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2009)
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000041 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology
Muris, P., & Ollendick, T. H. (2005) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y · Cited by 436 · see citing works
The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: a meta-analytic review
Colonnesi, C., Draijer, E. M., Jan J. M. Stams, G., Van der Bruggen, C. O., Bögels, S. M., & Noom, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.581623 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms among boys across early and middle childhood.
Feng, X., Shaw, D. S., & Silk, J. S. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.32 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in the anxiety disorders
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., McKay, D., & Phillips, M. L. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
A neurofeedback video game (MindLight) to prevent anxiety in children: A randomized controlled trial
Schoneveld, E. A., Malmberg, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Verheijen, G. P., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Granic, I. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.005 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Anxiety in children and adolescents with chronic physical illnesses: a meta‐analysis
Pinquart, M., & Shen, Y. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02223.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
PromisingInterventions, O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T. F., & Warner, K. E. (2009) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
van Brakel, A. M. L., Muris, P., Bögels, S. M., & Thomassen, C. (2006) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9061-x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder: a review of environmental risk factors
Schmidt, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1799 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Vlierberghe, L. V., Braet, C., Bosmans, G., Rosseel, Y., & Bögels, S. M. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9283-5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., & Elwood, L. S. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616688879 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Aktar, E., Nikolić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/eaktar · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Profiles, Temperament, and Adjustment Problems in Preadolescents
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Wilson, A. C., Trancik, A., & Bazinet, A. D. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01575.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Temperament Variation in Sensitivity to Parenting: Predicting Changes in Depression and Anxiety
Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Bush, N. R. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9539-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Lewis, K. M., Byrd, D. A., & Ollendick, T. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of Parent- and Child-Rated Anxiety Measures in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kaat, A. J., & Lecavalier, L. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2481-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Social fears during adolescence: Is there an increase in distress and avoidance?
Sumter, S. R., Bokhorst, C. L., & Westenberg, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Lohr, J. M., Connolly, K. M., Cisler, J. M., & Meunier, S. A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.011 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Yunitri, N., Kao, C.-C., Chu, H., Voss, J., Chiu, H.-L., Liu, D., Shen, S.-T. H., Chang, P.-C., Kang, X. L., & Chou, K.-R. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Is Behavioral Regulation in Children With ADHD Aggravated by Comorbid Anxiety Disorder?
Sørensen, L., Plessen, K. J., Nicholas, J., & Lundervold, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709356931 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C. K., David, B., Fan, Q., & McGrath, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. H. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001584 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sette, S., Hipson, W. E., Zava, F., Baumgartner, E., & Coplan, R. J. (2018) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2017.1422230 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Longer-term increased cortisol levels in young people with mental health problems
Heinze, K., Lin, A. P., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Wood, S. J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.025 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., & Broman‐Fulks, J. J. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.437 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Psychophysiology of spider phobia in 8- to 12-year-old girls
Leutgeb, V., Schäfer, A., Köchel, A., Scharmüller, W., & Schienle, A. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., & Deacon, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.007 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., Smits, J. A. J., Sawchuk, C. N., & Patten, K. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.06.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Deng, M., Zheng, M., & Guinote, A. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12390 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Underlying Personality Characteristics of Behavioral Inhibition in Children
Muris, P., & Dietvorst, R. C. (2006) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0014-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Recognizing masked threat: Fear betrays, but disgust you can trust.
Wiens, S., Peira, N., Golkar, A., & Öhman, A. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013731 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Expectancy Bias for Fear and Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Spider Fearful Individuals
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., Meunier, S. A., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9164-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., Nielsen, A. D., Gaardsvig, M. M., & Thastum, M. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.01.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“If left untreated, anxiety often has a chronic developmental course, predicting anxiety and depression in adulthood (Kessler et al., 2005; Muris, 2006; Woodward and Fergusson, 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of disgust in body image disturbance: Incremental predictive power of self-disgust
Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., & Schmidt, J. P. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Co-occurrence of Pediatric Chronic Pain and Anxiety
Mano, K. E. J., O’Bryan, E. M., Gibler, R. C., & Beckmann, E. A. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000763 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Viana, A. G., & Gratz, K. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21890 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Muris, P., Mayer, B., Vermeulen, L., & Hiemstra, H. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fear and disgust processing during repeated exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in spider phobia
Olatunji, B. O., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Ciesielski, B. G., Armstrong, T., Etzel, E. N., & David, B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Biological, Developmental, and Social Considerations
Detweiler, M. F., Comer, J. S., Crum, K. I., & Albano, A. M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00010-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wols, A., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Schoneveld, E. A., & Granic, I. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9684-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neacsiu, A. D., Rompogren, J., Eberle, J. W., & McMahon, K. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.10.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The“normal” development of fear
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994920.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cortina, M. A., Stein, A. L., Kahn, K., Hlungwani, T. M., Holmes, E. A., & Fazel, M. S. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
Stiede, J. T., Trent, E. S., Viana, A. G., Guzick, A. G., Storch, E. A., & Hershfield, J. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.12.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Connolly, K. M., & David, B. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bardeen, J. R., & Stevens, E. N. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The development of worry throughout childhood: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data
Caes, L., Fisher, E., Clinch, J., Tobias, J. H., & Eccleston, C. (2015) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12174 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Latent Class Profiles of Anxiety Symptom Trajectories From Preschool Through School Age
Kertz, S. J., Sylvester, C. M., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1295380 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Detweiler, M. F., Comer, J. S., & Albano, A. M. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00009-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Seehagen, S., Margraf, J., & Schneider, S. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch10 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bares, C. B., Andrade, F., Delva, J., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Kamata, A. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011400999 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C. K., Kim, J., Riemann, B. C., & Jacobi, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lawrence, P. J., & Williams, T. I. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000810 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bonuomo, M., Marini, M., Vegni, N., Melogno, S., Torregiani, G., Livi, S., & Filippo, G. D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13071020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Viana, A. G., Palmer, C. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Alfano, C. A., Dixon, L. J., & Raines, E. M. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.03.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Depression, Anxiety, and Self-esteem in Early Adolescents
Sayar, M. K. (2012) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mano, Q. R., Mano, K. E. J., Denton, C. A., Epstein, J. N., & Tamm, L. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Farrell, A. H., & Vaillancourt, T. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001450 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The spontaneous brain activity of disgust: Perspective from resting state fMRI and resting state EEG
Li, Z., Li, Y., Li, X., Zou, F., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Luo, Y., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113135 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Impact of Inattention and Emotional Problems on Cognitive Control in Primary School Children
Sørensen, L., Plessen, K. J., & Lundervold, A. J. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711417394 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Assessment of children's emotional adjustment: construction and validation of a new instrument
Thorlacius, Ö., & Gudmundsson, E. H. (2014) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12214 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pascal, S. A., Podina, I. R., & Nedelcea, C. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2020.2.10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Relating Individual Differences in Trait-Anxiety to Memory Functioning in Young Children
Cheie, L., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2012) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000079 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Influence of Parent Factors on Child Perfectionism: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cook, L. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34917/4332532 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neumann, A. A., Desmarais, É., Iverson, S. L., & Gartstein, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22313 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Early Maladaptive Schemas, Working Memory and Academic Performances of Moroccan Students
Ahami, A. O. T., Mammad, K., Azzaoui, F.-Z., Boulbaroud, S., Rouim, F. Z., & Rusinek, S. (2017) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2017.62004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Inhibition Predicts the Course of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Adolescents
Stevens, E. S., Funkhouser, C. J., Auerbach, R. P., Talati, A., Gameroff, M. J., Posner, J. E., Weissman, M. M., & Shankman, S. A. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001584 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bonduelle, S., Chen, Q.-Y., Wu, G.-R., Braet, C., de Raedt, R., & Baeken, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.673805 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Schneider, J. R., Rahman, N., & Schmidt, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100671 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Halvorson, M., King, K., & Lengua, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101374 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mohammad, A., Rasool, R. C., Reza, S. M., & Moharreri, F. (2015) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of poly-victimization and resilience on anxiety: Delinquent and non-delinquent youth samples
Pires, A. R., & Almeida, T. C. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107271 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Careau, Y., O’Connor, K. P., Turgeon, L., & Freeston, M. H. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.3.236 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adolescent Worry Induction: An Experimental Laboratory Evaluation
Frala, J. L., Mischel, E. R., Knapp, A. A., Autry, K. S., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.033912 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Working Memory and Anxiety: Exploring the Interplay of Individual Differences across Development
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203094600-21 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety disorder in youth
Suveg, C. M., Jacob, M. L., & Thomassin, K. (2009) · Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mammad, K., Ahami, A. O. T., Azzaoui, F.-Z., Boulbaroud, S., Samlali, W. I., Karjouh, K., & Fofana, L. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.813134 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Modeling Psychiatric Disorders in Experimental Animals
Moore, H. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zerrouk, M., Ravigopal, T., & Bell, M. A. (2024) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101932 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Role of Disgust in Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Moretz, M. W., Rogove, J., & McKay, D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7784-7_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Petermann, F., & Damm, F. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79545-2_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Davis, K. E. (2011) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27354165 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Understanding early vulnerabilities for anxiety: Predictors of self-efficacy in toddlers
Oppenheimer, J. E. (2011) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
O’Halloran, T., Symonds, J. E., Bhreathnach, L., Sloan, S., Devine, D., Sainz, G. M., & Davies, A. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13100994 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aaron, E. M., Caley, E., & Kiel, E. J. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00492-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy of Child-Parent Relationship Therapy in Reducing Anxiety Syndrome in Preschool children
Karami, J., & Zabet, M. (2015) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parental rearing styles as the predictors of internalised and externalised problems of adolescents
Šnele, M. S., & Andjelkovic, V. (2017) · Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja · doi:10.2298/zipi1702279s · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Underwood, J. J., Kirchhoff, C., Warwick, H., & Gartstein, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022120906478 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive risk profiles for anxiety disorders in a high-risk population
Bardeen, J. R., Stevens, E. N., Clark, C. B., Lahti, A. C., & Cropsey, K. L. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Viana, A., Gratz, K. L., & Bierman, K. (2013) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2012.684240 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vervoort, L. (2010) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders
van Brakel, A. M. L. (2007) · doi:10.26481/dis.20070721ab · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Children's Health Policy Centre
Schwartz, C. R., Waddell, C., Garland, O., & Nightingale, L. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychopathology arises from intertemporal bargaining as well as from emotional trauma
Ainslie, G. W. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000132 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Howard, M. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Angst som beskyttende faktor? - Effekter av komorbid angst på responsinhibisjon ved ADHD
Skuggevik, R. (2008) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Muris, P., & Bögels, S. M. (2008) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-6589-0_14
Shapiro, T., & Rendleman, R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch11
- Authors
- Muris, P.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Muris, Peter
- ORCID
- Muris, Peter
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Development
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-11
- ISSN
- 0165-0254 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0651
- OpenAlex
- W2156228426
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 9.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Development (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety disorders, pathogenesis, developmental psychopathology, risk factors, protective factors, behavioral inhibition, disgust sensitivity, negative life events, family influence, effortful control, perceived control, avoidance, cognitive biases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
