Differential associations of specific depressive and anxiety disorders with somatic symptoms
Open accessAbstract
Objective Previous studies have shown that depressive and anxiety disorders are strongly related to somatic symptoms, but much is unclear about the specificity of this association. This study examines the associations of specific depressive and anxiety disorders with somatic symptoms, and whether these associations are independent of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders.Methods Cross-sectional data were derived from The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). A total of 2008 persons (mean age: 41.6 years, 64.9% women) were included, consisting of 1367 patients with a past-month DSM-diagnosis (established with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview [CIDI]) of depressive disorder (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder) and/or anxiety disorder (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia), and 641 controls. Somatic symptoms were assessed with the somatization scale of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ), and included cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and general symptoms. Analyses were adjusted for covariates such as chronic somatic diseases, sociodemographics, and lifestyle factors.Results All clusters of somatic symptoms were more prevalent in patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders than in controls (all p<.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that all types of depressive and anxiety disorders were independently related to somatic symptoms, except for dysthymic disorder. Major depressive disorder showed the strongest associations. Associations remained similar after adjustment for covariates.Conclusion This study demonstrated that depressive and anxiety disorders show strong and partly differential associations with somatic symptoms. Future research should investigate whether an adequate consideration and treatment of somatic symptoms in depressed and/or anxious patients improve treatment outcomes.
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The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety found that all types of depressive and anxiety disorders were independently related to somatic symptoms, except for dysthymic disorder.
“The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was conducted on 2008 individuals consisting of 1367 patients with a depressive disorder and/or anxiety disorder. The results of the aforementioned study showed that all types of depressive and anxiety disorders were independently related to somatic symptoms, except for dysthymic disorder.[11]”
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- Authors
- Bekhuis, E., Boschloo, L., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Schoevers, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bekhuis, Ella
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 116-122
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017578859
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 5.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (10-000-1002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- somatic symptoms, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, somatization, comorbidities, Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Digestive System Diseases, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Cluster Analysis, Logistic Models, Self Report
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